Reference documentation for deal.II version 9.1.1
\(\newcommand{\dealcoloneq}{\mathrel{\vcenter{:}}=}\)
Classes | Public Member Functions | Protected Member Functions | Protected Attributes | Private Member Functions | Private Attributes | List of all members
FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim > Class Template Reference

#include <deal.II/fe/fe_enriched.h>

Inheritance diagram for FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >:
[legend]

Classes

class  InternalData
 

Public Member Functions

 FE_Enriched (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_base, const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_enriched, const Function< spacedim > *enrichment_function)
 
 FE_Enriched (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_base)
 
 FE_Enriched (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *fe_base, const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &fe_enriched, const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)>>> &functions)
 
virtual std::unique_ptr< FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > > clone () const override
 
virtual UpdateFlags requires_update_flags (const UpdateFlags update_flags) const override
 
virtual std::string get_name () const override
 
virtual const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & base_element (const unsigned int index) const override
 
virtual double shape_value (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const override
 
const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)> > > get_enrichments () const
 
const FESystem< dim, spacedim > & get_fe_system () const
 
Transfer matrices
virtual const FullMatrix< double > & get_restriction_matrix (const unsigned int child, const RefinementCase< dim > &refinement_case=RefinementCase< dim >::isotropic_refinement) const override
 
virtual const FullMatrix< double > & get_prolongation_matrix (const unsigned int child, const RefinementCase< dim > &refinement_case=RefinementCase< dim >::isotropic_refinement) const override
 
Functions to support hp
virtual bool hp_constraints_are_implemented () const override
 
virtual void get_face_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source, FullMatrix< double > &matrix) const override
 
virtual void get_subface_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source, const unsigned int subface, FullMatrix< double > &matrix) const override
 
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > hp_vertex_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override
 
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > hp_line_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override
 
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > hp_quad_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override
 
virtual FiniteElementDomination::Domination compare_for_domination (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other, const unsigned int codim=0) const override final
 
- Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
 FiniteElement (const FiniteElementData< dim > &fe_data, const std::vector< bool > &restriction_is_additive_flags, const std::vector< ComponentMask > &nonzero_components)
 
 FiniteElement (FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &&)=default
 
 FiniteElement (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &)=default
 
virtual ~FiniteElement () override=default
 
std::pair< std::unique_ptr< FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > >, unsigned int > operator^ (const unsigned int multiplicity) const
 
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & operator[] (const unsigned int fe_index) const
 
virtual bool operator== (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe) const
 
bool operator!= (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &) const
 
virtual std::size_t memory_consumption () const
 
virtual double shape_value_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const
 
virtual Tensor< 1, dim > shape_grad (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const
 
virtual Tensor< 1, dim > shape_grad_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const
 
virtual Tensor< 2, dim > shape_grad_grad (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const
 
virtual Tensor< 2, dim > shape_grad_grad_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const
 
virtual Tensor< 3, dim > shape_3rd_derivative (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const
 
virtual Tensor< 3, dim > shape_3rd_derivative_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const
 
virtual Tensor< 4, dim > shape_4th_derivative (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const
 
virtual Tensor< 4, dim > shape_4th_derivative_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const
 
virtual bool has_support_on_face (const unsigned int shape_index, const unsigned int face_index) const
 
bool prolongation_is_implemented () const
 
bool isotropic_prolongation_is_implemented () const
 
bool restriction_is_implemented () const
 
bool isotropic_restriction_is_implemented () const
 
bool restriction_is_additive (const unsigned int index) const
 
const FullMatrix< double > & constraints (const ::internal::SubfaceCase< dim > &subface_case=::internal::SubfaceCase< dim >::case_isotropic) const
 
bool constraints_are_implemented (const ::internal::SubfaceCase< dim > &subface_case=::internal::SubfaceCase< dim >::case_isotropic) const
 
virtual void get_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source, FullMatrix< double > &matrix) const
 
virtual FiniteElementDomination::Domination compare_for_face_domination (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const final
 
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > system_to_component_index (const unsigned int index) const
 
unsigned int component_to_system_index (const unsigned int component, const unsigned int index) const
 
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > face_system_to_component_index (const unsigned int index) const
 
unsigned int adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation (const unsigned int index, const bool face_orientation, const bool face_flip, const bool face_rotation) const
 
virtual unsigned int face_to_cell_index (const unsigned int face_dof_index, const unsigned int face, const bool face_orientation=true, const bool face_flip=false, const bool face_rotation=false) const
 
unsigned int adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation (const unsigned int index, const bool line_orientation) const
 
const ComponentMaskget_nonzero_components (const unsigned int i) const
 
unsigned int n_nonzero_components (const unsigned int i) const
 
bool is_primitive () const
 
bool is_primitive (const unsigned int i) const
 
unsigned int n_base_elements () const
 
unsigned int element_multiplicity (const unsigned int index) const
 
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & get_sub_fe (const ComponentMask &mask) const
 
virtual const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & get_sub_fe (const unsigned int first_component, const unsigned int n_selected_components) const
 
std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > system_to_base_index (const unsigned int index) const
 
std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > face_system_to_base_index (const unsigned int index) const
 
types::global_dof_index first_block_of_base (const unsigned int b) const
 
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > component_to_base_index (const unsigned int component) const
 
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > block_to_base_index (const unsigned int block) const
 
std::pair< unsigned int, types::global_dof_indexsystem_to_block_index (const unsigned int component) const
 
unsigned int component_to_block_index (const unsigned int component) const
 
ComponentMask component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Scalar &scalar) const
 
ComponentMask component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Vector &vector) const
 
ComponentMask component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::SymmetricTensor< 2 > &sym_tensor) const
 
ComponentMask component_mask (const BlockMask &block_mask) const
 
BlockMask block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Scalar &scalar) const
 
BlockMask block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Vector &vector) const
 
BlockMask block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::SymmetricTensor< 2 > &sym_tensor) const
 
BlockMask block_mask (const ComponentMask &component_mask) const
 
virtual std::pair< Table< 2, bool >, std::vector< unsigned int > > get_constant_modes () const
 
const std::vector< Point< dim > > & get_unit_support_points () const
 
bool has_support_points () const
 
virtual Point< dim > unit_support_point (const unsigned int index) const
 
const std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > & get_unit_face_support_points () const
 
bool has_face_support_points () const
 
virtual Point< dim - 1 > unit_face_support_point (const unsigned int index) const
 
const std::vector< Point< dim > > & get_generalized_support_points () const
 
bool has_generalized_support_points () const
 
const std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > & get_generalized_face_support_points () const
 
bool has_generalized_face_support_points () const
 
GeometryPrimitive get_associated_geometry_primitive (const unsigned int cell_dof_index) const
 
virtual void convert_generalized_support_point_values_to_dof_values (const std::vector< Vector< double >> &support_point_values, std::vector< double > &nodal_values) const
 
- Public Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor
 Subscriptor ()
 
 Subscriptor (const Subscriptor &)
 
 Subscriptor (Subscriptor &&) noexcept
 
virtual ~Subscriptor ()
 
Subscriptoroperator= (const Subscriptor &)
 
Subscriptoroperator= (Subscriptor &&) noexcept
 
void subscribe (std::atomic< bool > *const validity, const std::string &identifier="") const
 
void unsubscribe (std::atomic< bool > *const validity, const std::string &identifier="") const
 
unsigned int n_subscriptions () const
 
template<typename StreamType >
void list_subscribers (StreamType &stream) const
 
void list_subscribers () const
 
template<class Archive >
void serialize (Archive &ar, const unsigned int version)
 
- Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElementData< dim >
 FiniteElementData (const std::vector< unsigned int > &dofs_per_object, const unsigned int n_components, const unsigned int degree, const Conformity conformity=unknown, const BlockIndices &block_indices=BlockIndices())
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_vertex () const
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_line () const
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_quad () const
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_hex () const
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_face () const
 
unsigned int n_dofs_per_cell () const
 
template<int structdim>
unsigned int n_dofs_per_object () const
 
unsigned int n_components () const
 
unsigned int n_blocks () const
 
const BlockIndicesblock_indices () const
 
unsigned int tensor_degree () const
 
bool conforms (const Conformity) const
 
bool operator== (const FiniteElementData &) const
 

Protected Member Functions

template<int dim_1>
std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBasesetup_data (std::unique_ptr< typename FESystem< dim, spacedim >::InternalData > fes_data, const UpdateFlags flags, const Quadrature< dim_1 > &quadrature) const
 
virtual std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBaseget_data (const UpdateFlags flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const override
 
virtual std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBaseget_face_data (const UpdateFlags update_flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const override
 
virtual std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBaseget_subface_data (const UpdateFlags update_flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const override
 
- Protected Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
void reinit_restriction_and_prolongation_matrices (const bool isotropic_restriction_only=false, const bool isotropic_prolongation_only=false)
 
TableIndices< 2 > interface_constraints_size () const
 
virtual void fill_fe_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const CellSimilarity::Similarity cell_similarity, const Quadrature< dim > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0
 
virtual void fill_fe_face_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const unsigned int face_no, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0
 
virtual void fill_fe_subface_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const unsigned int face_no, const unsigned int sub_no, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0
 

Protected Attributes

std::vector< std::vector< std::vector< unsigned int > > > base_no_mult_local_enriched_dofs
 
const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)> > > enrichments
 
const bool is_enriched
 
- Protected Attributes inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
std::vector< std::vector< FullMatrix< double > > > restriction
 
std::vector< std::vector< FullMatrix< double > > > prolongation
 
FullMatrix< double > interface_constraints
 
std::vector< Point< dim > > unit_support_points
 
std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > unit_face_support_points
 
std::vector< Point< dim > > generalized_support_points
 
std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > generalized_face_support_points
 
Table< 2, int > adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table
 
std::vector< int > adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation_table
 
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > system_to_component_table
 
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > face_system_to_component_table
 
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > system_to_base_table
 
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > face_system_to_base_table
 
BlockIndices base_to_block_indices
 
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > component_to_base_table
 
const std::vector< bool > restriction_is_additive_flags
 
const std::vector< ComponentMasknonzero_components
 
const std::vector< unsigned int > n_nonzero_components_table
 
const bool cached_primitivity
 

Private Member Functions

 FE_Enriched (const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &fes, const std::vector< unsigned int > &multiplicities, const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)>>> &functions)
 
void initialize (const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &fes, const std::vector< unsigned int > &multiplicities)
 
template<int dim_1>
void multiply_by_enrichment (const Quadrature< dim_1 > &quadrature, const InternalData &fe_data, const internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const
 

Private Attributes

const std::unique_ptr< const FESystem< dim, spacedim > > fe_system
 

Additional Inherited Members

- Public Types inherited from FiniteElementData< dim >
enum  Conformity {
  unknown = 0x00, L2 = 0x01, Hcurl = 0x02, Hdiv = 0x04,
  H1 = Hcurl | Hdiv, H2 = 0x0e
}
 
- Static Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
static ::ExceptionBaseExcShapeFunctionNotPrimitive (int arg1)
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcFENotPrimitive ()
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcUnitShapeValuesDoNotExist ()
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcFEHasNoSupportPoints ()
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcEmbeddingVoid ()
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcProjectionVoid ()
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcWrongInterfaceMatrixSize (int arg1, int arg2)
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcInterpolationNotImplemented ()
 
- Static Public Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor
static ::ExceptionBaseExcInUse (int arg1, std::string arg2, std::string arg3)
 
static ::ExceptionBaseExcNoSubscriber (std::string arg1, std::string arg2)
 
- Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElementData< dim >
const unsigned int dofs_per_vertex
 
const unsigned int dofs_per_line
 
const unsigned int dofs_per_quad
 
const unsigned int dofs_per_hex
 
const unsigned int first_line_index
 
const unsigned int first_quad_index
 
const unsigned int first_hex_index
 
const unsigned int first_face_line_index
 
const unsigned int first_face_quad_index
 
const unsigned int dofs_per_face
 
const unsigned int dofs_per_cell
 
const unsigned int components
 
const unsigned int degree
 
const Conformity conforming_space
 
const BlockIndices block_indices_data
 
- Static Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
static const unsigned int space_dimension = spacedim
 
- Static Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElementData< dim >
static const unsigned int dimension = dim
 
- Static Protected Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >
static std::vector< unsigned int > compute_n_nonzero_components (const std::vector< ComponentMask > &nonzero_components)
 

Detailed Description

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
class FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >

Implementation of a partition of unity finite element method (PUM) by Babuska and Melenk which enriches a standard finite element with an enrichment function multiplied with another (usually linear) finite element:

\[ U(\mathbf x) = \sum_i N_i(\mathbf x) U_i + \sum_j N_j(\mathbf x) \sum_k F_k(\mathbf x) U_{jk} \]

where \( N_i(\mathbf x) \) and \( N_j(\mathbf x) \) are the underlying finite elements (including the mapping from the isoparametric element to the real element); \( F_k(\mathbf x) \) are the scalar enrichment functions in real space (e.g. \( 1/r \), \( \exp(-r) \), etc); \( U_i \) and \( U_{jk} \) are the standard and enriched DoFs. This allows to include in the finite element space a priori knowledge about the partial differential equation being solved which in turn improves the local approximation properties of the spaces. This can be useful for highly oscillatory solutions, problems with domain corners or on unbounded domains or sudden changes of boundary conditions. PUM method uses finite element spaces which satisfy the partition of unity property (e.g. FE_Q). Among other properties this makes the resulting space to reproduce enrichment functions exactly.

The simplest constructor of this class takes two finite element objects and an enrichment function to be used. For example

function)

In this case, standard DoFs are distributed by FE_Q<dim>(2), whereas enriched DoFs are coming from a single finite element FE_Q<dim>(1) used with a single enrichment function function. In this case, the total number of DoFs on the enriched element is the sum of DoFs from FE_Q<dim>(2) and FE_Q<dim>(1).

As an example of an enrichment function, consider \( \exp(-x) \), which leads to the following shape functions on the unit element:

fe_enriched_1d.png
fe_enriched_h-refinement.png
1d element, base and enriched shape functions. enriched shape function corresponding to the central vertex.

Note that evaluation of gradients (hessians) of the enriched shape functions or the finite element field requires evaluation of gradients (gradients and hessians) of the enrichment functions:

\begin{align*} U(\mathbf x) &= \sum_i N_i(\mathbf x) U_i + \sum_{j,k} N_j(\mathbf x) F_k(\mathbf x) U_{jk} \\ \mathbf \nabla U(\mathbf x) &= \sum_i \mathbf \nabla N_i(\mathbf x) U_i + \sum_{j,k} \left[\mathbf \nabla N_j(\mathbf x) F_k(\mathbf x) + N_j(\mathbf x) \mathbf \nabla F_k(\mathbf x) \right] U_{jk} \\ \mathbf \nabla \mathbf \nabla U(\mathbf x) &= \sum_i \mathbf \nabla \mathbf \nabla N_i(\mathbf x) U_i + \sum_{j,k} \left[\mathbf \nabla \mathbf \nabla N_j(\mathbf x) F_k(\mathbf x) + \mathbf \nabla F_k(\mathbf x) \mathbf \nabla N_j(\mathbf x) + \mathbf \nabla N_j(\mathbf x) \mathbf \nabla F_k(\mathbf x) + N_j(\mathbf x) \mathbf \nabla \mathbf \nabla F_k(\mathbf x) \right] U_{jk} \end{align*}

Using enriched and non-enriched FEs together

In most applications it is beneficial to introduce enrichments only in some part of the domain (e.g. around a crack tip) and use standard FE (e.g. FE_Q) elsewhere. This can be achieved by using the hp finite element framework in deal.II that allows for the use of different elements on different cells. To make the resulting space \(C^0\) continuous, it is then necessary for the DoFHandler class and DoFTools::make_hanging_node_constraints() function to be able to figure out what to do at the interface between enriched and non-enriched cells. Specifically, we want the degrees of freedom corresponding to enriched shape functions to be zero at these interfaces. These classes and functions can not to do this automatically, but the effect can be achieved by using not just a regular FE_Q on cells without enrichment, but to wrap the FE_Q into an FE_Enriched object without actually enriching it. This can be done as follows:

FE_Enriched<dim> fe_non_enriched(FE_Q<dim>(1));

This constructor is equivalent to calling

FE_Enriched<dim> fe_non_enriched(FE_Q<dim>(1),
FE_Nothing<dim>(1,true),
nullptr);

and will result in the correct constraints for enriched DoFs attributed to support points on the interface between the two regions.

References

When using this class, please cite

@article{Davydov2017,
author = {Denis Davydov and Tymofiy Gerasimov and Jean-Paul Pelteret and
Paul Steinmann},
title = {Convergence study of the h-adaptive PUM and the hp-adaptive FEM
applied to eigenvalue problems in quantum mechanics},
journal = {Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences},
year = {2017},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
month = {Dec},
issn = {2213-7467},
day = {12},
doi = {10.1186/s40323-017-0093-0},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-017-0093-0},
}

The PUM was introduced in

@article{Melenk1996,
title = {The partition of unity finite element method: Basic theory and
applications},
author = {Melenk, J.M. and Babu\v{s}ka, I.},
journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
year = {1996},
number = {1--4},
pages = {289 -- 314},
volume = {139},
}
@article{Babuska1997,
title = {The partition of unity method},
author = {Babu\v{s}ka, I. and Melenk, J. M.},
journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering},
year = {1997},
number = {4},
pages = {727--758},
volume = {40},
}

Implementation

The implementation of the class is based on FESystem which is aggregated as a private member. The simplest constructor FE_Enriched<dim> fe(FE_Q<dim>(2), FE_Q<dim>(1),function) will internally initialize FESystem as

Note that it would not be wise to have this class derived from FESystem as the latter concatenates the given elements into different components of a vector element, whereas the current class combines the given elements into the same components. For instance, if two scalar elements are given, the resulting element will be scalar rather than have two components when doing the same with an FESystem.

The ordering of the shape function, interface_constrains, the prolongation (embedding) and the restriction matrices are taken from the FESystem class.

Author
Denis Davydov, 2016.

Definition at line 216 of file fe_enriched.h.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ FE_Enriched() [1/4]

template<int dim, int spacedim>
FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::FE_Enriched ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_base,
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_enriched,
const Function< spacedim > *  enrichment_function 
)

Constructor which takes base FiniteElement fe_base and the enrichment FiniteElement fe_enriched which will be multiplied by the enrichment_function.

In case fe_enriched is other than FE_Nothing, the lifetime of the enrichment_function must be at least as long as the FE_Enriched object.

Definition at line 146 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ FE_Enriched() [2/4]

template<int dim, int spacedim>
FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::FE_Enriched ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_base)

Constructor which only wraps the base FE fe_base. As for the enriched finite element space, FE_Nothing is used. Continuity constraints will be automatically generated when this non-enriched element is used in conjunction with enriched finite element within the hp::DoFHandler.

See the discussion in the class documentation on how to use this element in the context of hp finite element methods.

Definition at line 136 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ FE_Enriched() [3/4]

template<int dim, int spacedim>
FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::FE_Enriched ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *  fe_base,
const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &  fe_enriched,
const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)>>> &  functions 
)

Constructor which takes pointer to the base FiniteElement fe_base and a vector of enriched FiniteElement's fe_enriched . fe_enriched[i] finite element will be enriched with functions in functions[i].

This is the most general public constructor which also allows to have different enrichment functions in different disjoint parts of the domain. To that end the last argument provides an association of cell iterator to a Function. This is done to simplify the usage of this class when the number of disjoint domains with different functions is more than a few. Otherwise one would have to use different instance of this class for each disjoint enriched domain.

If you don't plan to use this feature, you can utilize C++11 lambdas to define dummy functions. Below is an example which uses two functions with the first element to be enriched and a single function with the second one.

&fe_base,
{&fe_1, &fe_2},
{{[=] (const typename Triangulation<dim>::cell_iterator &)
-> const Function<dim> *
{
return &fe_1_function1;
},
[=] (const typename Triangulation<dim>::cell_iterator &)
-> const Function<dim> *
{
return &fe_1_function2;
}},
{[=] (const typename Triangulation<dim>::cell_iterator &)
-> const Function<dim> *
{
return &fe_2_function;
}
}});
Note
When using the same finite element for enrichment with N different functions, it is advised to have the second argument of size 1 and the last argument of size 1 x N. The same can be achieved by providing N equivalent enrichment elements while keeping the last argument of size N x 1. However this will be much more computationally expensive.
When using different enrichment functions on disjoint domains, no checks are done by this class that the domains are actually disjoint.

Definition at line 165 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ FE_Enriched() [4/4]

template<int dim, int spacedim>
FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::FE_Enriched ( const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &  fes,
const std::vector< unsigned int > &  multiplicities,
const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)>>> &  functions 
)
private

The most general private constructor. The first two input parameters are consistent with those in FESystem. It is used internally only with multiplicities[0]=1, which is a logical requirement for this finite element.

Definition at line 178 of file fe_enriched.cc.

Member Function Documentation

◆ clone()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::unique_ptr< FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::clone ( ) const
overridevirtual

A sort of virtual copy constructor, this function returns a copy of the finite element object. Derived classes need to override the function here in this base class and return an object of the same type as the derived class.

Some places in the library, for example the constructors of FESystem as well as the hp::FECollection class, need to make copies of finite elements without knowing their exact type. They do so through this function.

Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 284 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ requires_update_flags()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
UpdateFlags FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::requires_update_flags ( const UpdateFlags  update_flags) const
overridevirtual

Given a set of update flags, compute which other quantities also need to be computed in order to satisfy the request by the given flags. Then return the combination of the original set of flags and those just computed.

As an example, if update_flags contains update_gradients a finite element class will typically require the computation of the inverse of the Jacobian matrix in order to rotate the gradient of shape functions on the reference cell to the real cell. It would then return not just update_gradients, but also update_covariant_transformation, the flag that makes the mapping class produce the inverse of the Jacobian matrix.

An extensive discussion of the interaction between this function and FEValues can be found in the How Mapping, FiniteElement, and FEValues work together documentation module.

See also
UpdateFlags

Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 302 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_name()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::string FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_name ( ) const
overridevirtual

Return a string that identifies a finite element.

Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 486 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ base_element()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::base_element ( const unsigned int  index) const
overridevirtual

Access to a composing element. The index needs to be smaller than the number of base elements. In the context of this class, the number of base elements is always more than one: a non-enriched element plus an element to be enriched, which could be FE_Nothing.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 507 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ shape_value()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
double FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::shape_value ( const unsigned int  i,
const Point< dim > &  p 
) const
overridevirtual

Return the value of the ith shape function at the point p. p is a point on the reference element.

This function returns meaningful values only for non-enriched element as real-space enrichment requires evaluation of the function at the point in real-space.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 271 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_restriction_matrix()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
const FullMatrix< double > & FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_restriction_matrix ( const unsigned int  child,
const RefinementCase< dim > &  refinement_case = RefinementCase<dim>::isotropic_refinement 
) const
overridevirtual

Projection from a fine grid space onto a coarse grid space.

This function only makes sense when all child elements are also enriched using the same function(s) as the parent element.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 1025 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_prolongation_matrix()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
const FullMatrix< double > & FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_prolongation_matrix ( const unsigned int  child,
const RefinementCase< dim > &  refinement_case = RefinementCase<dim>::isotropic_refinement 
) const
overridevirtual

Embedding matrix between grids.

This function only makes sense when all child elements are also enriched using the same function(s) as the parent element.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 1015 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ hp_constraints_are_implemented()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
bool FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::hp_constraints_are_implemented ( ) const
overridevirtual

Return whether this element implements hp constraints.

This function returns true if and only if all its base elements return true for this function.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 873 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_face_interpolation_matrix()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
void FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_face_interpolation_matrix ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  source,
FullMatrix< double > &  matrix 
) const
overridevirtual

Return the matrix interpolating from a face of one element to the face of the neighboring element. The size of the matrix is then source.dofs_per_face times this->dofs_per_face.

Base elements of this element will have to implement this function. They may only provide interpolation matrices for certain source finite elements, for example those from the same family. If they don't implement interpolation from a given element, then they must throw an exception of type FiniteElement<dim,spacedim>::ExcInterpolationNotImplemented, which will get propagated out from this element.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 881 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_subface_interpolation_matrix()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
void FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_subface_interpolation_matrix ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  source,
const unsigned int  subface,
FullMatrix< double > &  matrix 
) const
overridevirtual

Return the matrix interpolating from a face of one element to the subface of the neighboring element. The size of the matrix is then source.dofs_per_face times this->dofs_per_face.

Base elements of this element will have to implement this function. They may only provide interpolation matrices for certain source finite elements, for example those from the same family. If they don't implement interpolation from a given element, then they must throw an exception of type FiniteElement<dim,spacedim>::ExcInterpolationNotImplemented, which will get propagated out from this element.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 903 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ hp_vertex_dof_identities()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::hp_vertex_dof_identities ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_other) const
overridevirtual

If, on a vertex, several finite elements are active, the hp code first assigns the degrees of freedom of each of these FEs different global indices. It then calls this function to find out which of them should get identical values, and consequently can receive the same global DoF index. This function therefore returns a list of identities between DoFs of the present finite element object with the DoFs of fe_other, which is a reference to a finite element object representing one of the other finite elements active on this particular vertex. The function computes which of the degrees of freedom of the two finite element objects are equivalent, both numbered between zero and the corresponding value of dofs_per_vertex of the two finite elements. The first index of each pair denotes one of the vertex dofs of the present element, whereas the second is the corresponding index of the other finite element.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 927 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ hp_line_dof_identities()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::hp_line_dof_identities ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_other) const
overridevirtual

Same as hp_vertex_dof_indices(), except that the function treats degrees of freedom on lines.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 945 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ hp_quad_dof_identities()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::hp_quad_dof_identities ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_other) const
overridevirtual

Same as hp_vertex_dof_indices(), except that the function treats degrees of freedom on quads.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 963 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ compare_for_domination()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
FiniteElementDomination::Domination FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::compare_for_domination ( const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &  fe_other,
const unsigned int  codim = 0 
) const
finaloverridevirtual

Return whether this element dominates another one given as argument fe_other, whether it is the other way around, whether neither dominates, or if either could dominate. The codim parameter describes the codimension of the investigated subspace and specifies that it is subject to this comparison. For example, if codim==0 then this function compares which element dominates at the cell level. If codim==1, then the elements are compared at faces, i.e., the comparison happens between the function spaces of the two finite elements as restricted to a face. Larger values of codim work correspondingly.

For a definition of domination, see FiniteElementDomination::Domination and in particular the hp paper.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 981 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_enrichments()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
const std::vector< std::vector< std::function< const Function< spacedim > *(const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &)> > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_enrichments ( ) const

Return enrichment functions

Definition at line 263 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_fe_system()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
const FESystem< dim, spacedim > & FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_fe_system ( ) const

Return the underlying FESystem object.

Definition at line 865 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ setup_data()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
template<int dim_1>
std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::setup_data ( std::unique_ptr< typename FESystem< dim, spacedim >::InternalData fes_data,
const UpdateFlags  flags,
const Quadrature< dim_1 > &  quadrature 
) const
protected

Auxiliary function called from get_data, get_face_data and get_subface_data. It take internal data of FESystem object in fes_data and the quadrature rule qudrature.

This function essentially take the internal data from an instance of FESystem class and wraps it into our own InternalData class which additionally has objects to hold values/gradients/hessians of enrichment functions at each quadrature point depending on flags.

Definition at line 326 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_data()

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_data ( const UpdateFlags  flags,
const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &  mapping,
const Quadrature< dim > &  quadrature,
::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &  output_data 
) const
overrideprotectedvirtual

Prepare internal data structures and fill in values independent of the cell. Returns a pointer to an object of which the caller of this function (FEValues) then has to assume ownership (which includes destruction when it is no more needed).

Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 407 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_face_data()

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_face_data ( const UpdateFlags  update_flags,
const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &  mapping,
const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &  quadrature,
::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &  output_data 
) const
overrideprotectedvirtual

Like get_data(), but return an object that will later be used for evaluating shape function information at quadrature points on faces of cells. The object will then be used in calls to implementations of FiniteElement::fill_fe_face_values(). See the documentation of get_data() for more information.

The default implementation of this function converts the face quadrature into a cell quadrature with appropriate quadrature point locations, and with that calls the get_data() function above that has to be implemented in derived classes.

Parameters
[in]update_flagsA set of UpdateFlags values that describe what kind of information the FEValues object requests the finite element to compute. This set of flags may also include information that the finite element can not compute, e.g., flags that pertain to data produced by the mapping. An implementation of this function needs to set up all data fields in the returned object that are necessary to produce the finite- element related data specified by these flags, and may already pre- compute part of this information as discussed above. Elements may want to store these update flags (or a subset of these flags) in InternalDataBase::update_each so they know at the time when FiniteElement::fill_fe_face_values() is called what they are supposed to compute
[in]mappingA reference to the mapping used for computing values and derivatives of shape functions.
[in]quadratureA reference to the object that describes where the shape functions should be evaluated.
[out]output_dataA reference to the object that FEValues will use in conjunction with the object returned here and where an implementation of FiniteElement::fill_fe_face_values() will place the requested information. This allows the current function to already pre-compute pieces of information that can be computed on the reference cell, as discussed above. FEValues guarantees that this output object and the object returned by the current function will always be used together.
Returns
A pointer to an object of a type derived from InternalDataBase and that derived classes can use to store scratch data that can be pre- computed, or for scratch arrays that then only need to be allocated once. The calling site assumes ownership of this object and will delete it when it is no longer necessary.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 368 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ get_subface_data()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::get_subface_data ( const UpdateFlags  update_flags,
const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &  mapping,
const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &  quadrature,
::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &  output_data 
) const
overrideprotectedvirtual

Like get_data(), but return an object that will later be used for evaluating shape function information at quadrature points on children of faces of cells. The object will then be used in calls to implementations of FiniteElement::fill_fe_subface_values(). See the documentation of get_data() for more information.

The default implementation of this function converts the face quadrature into a cell quadrature with appropriate quadrature point locations, and with that calls the get_data() function above that has to be implemented in derived classes.

Parameters
[in]update_flagsA set of UpdateFlags values that describe what kind of information the FEValues object requests the finite element to compute. This set of flags may also include information that the finite element can not compute, e.g., flags that pertain to data produced by the mapping. An implementation of this function needs to set up all data fields in the returned object that are necessary to produce the finite- element related data specified by these flags, and may already pre- compute part of this information as discussed above. Elements may want to store these update flags (or a subset of these flags) in InternalDataBase::update_each so they know at the time when FiniteElement::fill_fe_subface_values() is called what they are supposed to compute
[in]mappingA reference to the mapping used for computing values and derivatives of shape functions.
[in]quadratureA reference to the object that describes where the shape functions should be evaluated.
[out]output_dataA reference to the object that FEValues will use in conjunction with the object returned here and where an implementation of FiniteElement::fill_fe_subface_values() will place the requested information. This allows the current function to already pre-compute pieces of information that can be computed on the reference cell, as discussed above. FEValues guarantees that this output object and the object returned by the current function will always be used together.
Returns
A pointer to an object of a type derived from InternalDataBase and that derived classes can use to store scratch data that can be pre- computed, or for scratch arrays that then only need to be allocated once. The calling site assumes ownership of this object and will delete it when it is no longer necessary.

Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.

Definition at line 387 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ initialize()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
void FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::initialize ( const std::vector< const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > *> &  fes,
const std::vector< unsigned int > &  multiplicities 
)
private

This function sets up the index table for the system as well as restriction and prolongation matrices.

Definition at line 425 of file fe_enriched.cc.

◆ multiply_by_enrichment()

template<int dim, int spacedim>
template<int dim_1>
void FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::multiply_by_enrichment ( const Quadrature< dim_1 > &  quadrature,
const InternalData fe_data,
const internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &  mapping_data,
const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &  cell,
internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &  output_data 
) const
private

After calling fill_fe_(face/subface_)values this function implements the chain rule to multiply stored shape values/gradient/hessians by those of enrichment function evaluated at quadrature points.

Definition at line 623 of file fe_enriched.cc.

Member Data Documentation

◆ base_no_mult_local_enriched_dofs

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<unsigned int> > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::base_no_mult_local_enriched_dofs
protected

For each finite element i used in enrichment and each enrichment function j associated with it (essentially its multiplicity), base_no_mult_local_enriched_dofs[i][j] contains the associated local DoFs on the FE_Enriched finite element.

Definition at line 559 of file fe_enriched.h.

◆ enrichments

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
const std::vector<std::vector<std::function<const Function<spacedim> *( const typename Triangulation<dim, spacedim>::cell_iterator &)> > > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::enrichments
protected

Enrichment functions. The size of the first vector is the same as the number of FiniteElement spaces used with enrichment. Whereas the size of the inner vector corresponds to the number of enrichment functions associated with a single FiniteElement.

Definition at line 570 of file fe_enriched.h.

◆ is_enriched

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
const bool FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::is_enriched
protected

Auxiliary variable used to distinguish between the case when we do enrichment and when the class simply wraps another FiniteElement.

This variable is initialized in the constructor by looping over a vector of enrichment elements and checking if all of them are FE_Nothing. If this is the case, then the value is set to false, otherwise it is true.

Definition at line 581 of file fe_enriched.h.

◆ fe_system

template<int dim, int spacedim = dim>
const std::unique_ptr<const FESystem<dim, spacedim> > FE_Enriched< dim, spacedim >::fe_system
private

The underlying FESystem object.

Definition at line 694 of file fe_enriched.h.


The documentation for this class was generated from the following files: