Reference documentation for deal.II version 9.1.1
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#include <deal.II/fe/fe_nothing.h>
Public Member Functions | |
FE_Nothing (const unsigned int n_components=1, const bool dominate=false) | |
virtual std::unique_ptr< FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > > | clone () const override |
virtual std::string | get_name () const override |
virtual UpdateFlags | requires_update_flags (const UpdateFlags update_flags) const override |
virtual double | shape_value (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const override |
virtual std::unique_ptr< typename FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase > | get_data (const UpdateFlags update_flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const override |
virtual FiniteElementDomination::Domination | compare_for_domination (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other, const unsigned int codim=0) const override final |
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > | hp_vertex_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override |
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > | hp_line_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override |
virtual std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > | hp_quad_dof_identities (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const override |
virtual bool | hp_constraints_are_implemented () const override |
virtual void | get_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source_fe, FullMatrix< double > &interpolation_matrix) const override |
virtual void | get_face_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source_fe, FullMatrix< double > &interpolation_matrix) const override |
virtual void | get_subface_interpolation_matrix (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &source_fe, const unsigned int index, FullMatrix< double > &interpolation_matrix) const override |
bool | is_dominating () const |
virtual bool | operator== (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe) const override |
Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
FiniteElement (const FiniteElementData< dim > &fe_data, const std::vector< bool > &restriction_is_additive_flags, const std::vector< ComponentMask > &nonzero_components) | |
FiniteElement (FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &&)=default | |
FiniteElement (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &)=default | |
virtual | ~FiniteElement () override=default |
std::pair< std::unique_ptr< FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > >, unsigned int > | operator^ (const unsigned int multiplicity) const |
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & | operator[] (const unsigned int fe_index) const |
bool | operator!= (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &) const |
virtual std::size_t | memory_consumption () const |
virtual double | shape_value_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const |
virtual Tensor< 1, dim > | shape_grad (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const |
virtual Tensor< 1, dim > | shape_grad_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const |
virtual Tensor< 2, dim > | shape_grad_grad (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const |
virtual Tensor< 2, dim > | shape_grad_grad_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const |
virtual Tensor< 3, dim > | shape_3rd_derivative (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const |
virtual Tensor< 3, dim > | shape_3rd_derivative_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const |
virtual Tensor< 4, dim > | shape_4th_derivative (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p) const |
virtual Tensor< 4, dim > | shape_4th_derivative_component (const unsigned int i, const Point< dim > &p, const unsigned int component) const |
virtual bool | has_support_on_face (const unsigned int shape_index, const unsigned int face_index) const |
virtual const FullMatrix< double > & | get_restriction_matrix (const unsigned int child, const RefinementCase< dim > &refinement_case=RefinementCase< dim >::isotropic_refinement) const |
virtual const FullMatrix< double > & | get_prolongation_matrix (const unsigned int child, const RefinementCase< dim > &refinement_case=RefinementCase< dim >::isotropic_refinement) const |
bool | prolongation_is_implemented () const |
bool | isotropic_prolongation_is_implemented () const |
bool | restriction_is_implemented () const |
bool | isotropic_restriction_is_implemented () const |
bool | restriction_is_additive (const unsigned int index) const |
const FullMatrix< double > & | constraints (const ::internal::SubfaceCase< dim > &subface_case=::internal::SubfaceCase< dim >::case_isotropic) const |
bool | constraints_are_implemented (const ::internal::SubfaceCase< dim > &subface_case=::internal::SubfaceCase< dim >::case_isotropic) const |
virtual FiniteElementDomination::Domination | compare_for_face_domination (const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > &fe_other) const final |
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > | system_to_component_index (const unsigned int index) const |
unsigned int | component_to_system_index (const unsigned int component, const unsigned int index) const |
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > | face_system_to_component_index (const unsigned int index) const |
unsigned int | adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation (const unsigned int index, const bool face_orientation, const bool face_flip, const bool face_rotation) const |
virtual unsigned int | face_to_cell_index (const unsigned int face_dof_index, const unsigned int face, const bool face_orientation=true, const bool face_flip=false, const bool face_rotation=false) const |
unsigned int | adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation (const unsigned int index, const bool line_orientation) const |
const ComponentMask & | get_nonzero_components (const unsigned int i) const |
unsigned int | n_nonzero_components (const unsigned int i) const |
bool | is_primitive () const |
bool | is_primitive (const unsigned int i) const |
unsigned int | n_base_elements () const |
virtual const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & | base_element (const unsigned int index) const |
unsigned int | element_multiplicity (const unsigned int index) const |
const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & | get_sub_fe (const ComponentMask &mask) const |
virtual const FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > & | get_sub_fe (const unsigned int first_component, const unsigned int n_selected_components) const |
std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > | system_to_base_index (const unsigned int index) const |
std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > | face_system_to_base_index (const unsigned int index) const |
types::global_dof_index | first_block_of_base (const unsigned int b) const |
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > | component_to_base_index (const unsigned int component) const |
std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > | block_to_base_index (const unsigned int block) const |
std::pair< unsigned int, types::global_dof_index > | system_to_block_index (const unsigned int component) const |
unsigned int | component_to_block_index (const unsigned int component) const |
ComponentMask | component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Scalar &scalar) const |
ComponentMask | component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Vector &vector) const |
ComponentMask | component_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::SymmetricTensor< 2 > &sym_tensor) const |
ComponentMask | component_mask (const BlockMask &block_mask) const |
BlockMask | block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Scalar &scalar) const |
BlockMask | block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::Vector &vector) const |
BlockMask | block_mask (const FEValuesExtractors::SymmetricTensor< 2 > &sym_tensor) const |
BlockMask | block_mask (const ComponentMask &component_mask) const |
virtual std::pair< Table< 2, bool >, std::vector< unsigned int > > | get_constant_modes () const |
const std::vector< Point< dim > > & | get_unit_support_points () const |
bool | has_support_points () const |
virtual Point< dim > | unit_support_point (const unsigned int index) const |
const std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > & | get_unit_face_support_points () const |
bool | has_face_support_points () const |
virtual Point< dim - 1 > | unit_face_support_point (const unsigned int index) const |
const std::vector< Point< dim > > & | get_generalized_support_points () const |
bool | has_generalized_support_points () const |
const std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > & | get_generalized_face_support_points () const |
bool | has_generalized_face_support_points () const |
GeometryPrimitive | get_associated_geometry_primitive (const unsigned int cell_dof_index) const |
virtual void | convert_generalized_support_point_values_to_dof_values (const std::vector< Vector< double >> &support_point_values, std::vector< double > &nodal_values) const |
Public Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor | |
Subscriptor () | |
Subscriptor (const Subscriptor &) | |
Subscriptor (Subscriptor &&) noexcept | |
virtual | ~Subscriptor () |
Subscriptor & | operator= (const Subscriptor &) |
Subscriptor & | operator= (Subscriptor &&) noexcept |
void | subscribe (std::atomic< bool > *const validity, const std::string &identifier="") const |
void | unsubscribe (std::atomic< bool > *const validity, const std::string &identifier="") const |
unsigned int | n_subscriptions () const |
template<typename StreamType > | |
void | list_subscribers (StreamType &stream) const |
void | list_subscribers () const |
template<class Archive > | |
void | serialize (Archive &ar, const unsigned int version) |
Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElementData< dim > | |
FiniteElementData (const std::vector< unsigned int > &dofs_per_object, const unsigned int n_components, const unsigned int degree, const Conformity conformity=unknown, const BlockIndices &block_indices=BlockIndices()) | |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_vertex () const |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_line () const |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_quad () const |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_hex () const |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_face () const |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_cell () const |
template<int structdim> | |
unsigned int | n_dofs_per_object () const |
unsigned int | n_components () const |
unsigned int | n_blocks () const |
const BlockIndices & | block_indices () const |
unsigned int | tensor_degree () const |
bool | conforms (const Conformity) const |
bool | operator== (const FiniteElementData &) const |
Private Attributes | |
const bool | dominate |
Additional Inherited Members | |
Public Types inherited from FiniteElementData< dim > | |
enum | Conformity { unknown = 0x00, L2 = 0x01, Hcurl = 0x02, Hdiv = 0x04, H1 = Hcurl | Hdiv, H2 = 0x0e } |
Static Public Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcShapeFunctionNotPrimitive (int arg1) |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcFENotPrimitive () |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcUnitShapeValuesDoNotExist () |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcFEHasNoSupportPoints () |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcEmbeddingVoid () |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcProjectionVoid () |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcWrongInterfaceMatrixSize (int arg1, int arg2) |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcInterpolationNotImplemented () |
Static Public Member Functions inherited from Subscriptor | |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcInUse (int arg1, std::string arg2, std::string arg3) |
static ::ExceptionBase & | ExcNoSubscriber (std::string arg1, std::string arg2) |
Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElementData< dim > | |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_vertex |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_line |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_quad |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_hex |
const unsigned int | first_line_index |
const unsigned int | first_quad_index |
const unsigned int | first_hex_index |
const unsigned int | first_face_line_index |
const unsigned int | first_face_quad_index |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_face |
const unsigned int | dofs_per_cell |
const unsigned int | components |
const unsigned int | degree |
const Conformity | conforming_space |
const BlockIndices | block_indices_data |
Static Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
static const unsigned int | space_dimension = spacedim |
Static Public Attributes inherited from FiniteElementData< dim > | |
static const unsigned int | dimension = dim |
Protected Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
void | reinit_restriction_and_prolongation_matrices (const bool isotropic_restriction_only=false, const bool isotropic_prolongation_only=false) |
TableIndices< 2 > | interface_constraints_size () const |
virtual std::unique_ptr< InternalDataBase > | get_face_data (const UpdateFlags update_flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const |
virtual std::unique_ptr< InternalDataBase > | get_subface_data (const UpdateFlags update_flags, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const |
virtual void | fill_fe_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const CellSimilarity::Similarity cell_similarity, const Quadrature< dim > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0 |
virtual void | fill_fe_face_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const unsigned int face_no, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0 |
virtual void | fill_fe_subface_values (const typename Triangulation< dim, spacedim >::cell_iterator &cell, const unsigned int face_no, const unsigned int sub_no, const Quadrature< dim - 1 > &quadrature, const Mapping< dim, spacedim > &mapping, const typename Mapping< dim, spacedim >::InternalDataBase &mapping_internal, const ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::MappingRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &mapping_data, const InternalDataBase &fe_internal, ::internal::FEValuesImplementation::FiniteElementRelatedData< dim, spacedim > &output_data) const =0 |
Static Protected Member Functions inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
static std::vector< unsigned int > | compute_n_nonzero_components (const std::vector< ComponentMask > &nonzero_components) |
Protected Attributes inherited from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim > | |
std::vector< std::vector< FullMatrix< double > > > | restriction |
std::vector< std::vector< FullMatrix< double > > > | prolongation |
FullMatrix< double > | interface_constraints |
std::vector< Point< dim > > | unit_support_points |
std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > | unit_face_support_points |
std::vector< Point< dim > > | generalized_support_points |
std::vector< Point< dim - 1 > > | generalized_face_support_points |
Table< 2, int > | adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table |
std::vector< int > | adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation_table |
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > | system_to_component_table |
std::vector< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int > > | face_system_to_component_table |
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > | system_to_base_table |
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > | face_system_to_base_table |
BlockIndices | base_to_block_indices |
std::vector< std::pair< std::pair< unsigned int, unsigned int >, unsigned int > > | component_to_base_table |
const std::vector< bool > | restriction_is_additive_flags |
const std::vector< ComponentMask > | nonzero_components |
const std::vector< unsigned int > | n_nonzero_components_table |
const bool | cached_primitivity |
Definition of a finite element with zero degrees of freedom. This class is useful (in the context of an hp method) to represent empty cells in the triangulation on which no degrees of freedom should be allocated, or to describe a field that is extended by zero to a part of the domain where we don't need it. Thus a triangulation may be divided into two regions: an active region where normal elements are used, and an inactive region where FE_Nothing elements are used. The hp::DoFHandler will therefore assign no degrees of freedom to the FE_Nothing cells, and this subregion is therefore implicitly deleted from the computation. step-10 and step-46 show use cases for this element. An interesting application for this element is also presented in the paper A. Cangiani, J. Chapman, E. Georgoulis, M. Jensen: Implementation of the Continuous-Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method, arXiv:1201.2878v1 [math.NA], 2012 (see http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.2878).
Note that some care must be taken that the resulting mesh topology continues to make sense when FE_Nothing elements are introduced. This is particularly true when dealing with hanging node constraints, because the library makes some basic assumptions about the nature of those constraints. The following geometries are acceptable:
Here, 0 denotes an FE_Nothing cell, and 1 denotes some other element type. The library has no difficulty computing the necessary hanging node constraints in these cases (i.e. no constraint). However, the following geometry is NOT acceptable (at least in the current implementation):
The distinction lies in the mixed nature of the child faces, a case we have not implemented as of yet.
Definition at line 81 of file fe_nothing.h.
FE_Nothing< dim, spacedim >::FE_Nothing | ( | const unsigned int | n_components = 1 , |
const bool | dominate = false |
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Constructor. First argument denotes the number of components to give this finite element (default = 1).
Second argument decides whether FE_Nothing will dominate any other FE in compare_for_domination() (default = false). Therefore at interfaces where, for example, a Q1 meets an FE_Nothing, we will force the traces of the two functions to be the same. Because the FE_Nothing encodes a space that is zero everywhere, this means that the Q1 field will be forced to become zero at this interface.
Definition at line 25 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
A sort of virtual copy constructor, this function returns a copy of the finite element object. Derived classes need to override the function here in this base class and return an object of the same type as the derived class.
Some places in the library, for example the constructors of FESystem as well as the hp::FECollection class, need to make copies of finite elements without knowing their exact type. They do so through this function.
Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 46 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return a string that uniquely identifies a finite element. In this case it is FE_Nothing<dim>
.
Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 55 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Given a set of update flags, compute which other quantities also need to be computed in order to satisfy the request by the given flags. Then return the combination of the original set of flags and those just computed.
As an example, if update_flags
contains update_gradients a finite element class will typically require the computation of the inverse of the Jacobian matrix in order to rotate the gradient of shape functions on the reference cell to the real cell. It would then return not just update_gradients, but also update_covariant_transformation, the flag that makes the mapping class produce the inverse of the Jacobian matrix.
An extensive discussion of the interaction between this function and FEValues can be found in the How Mapping, FiniteElement, and FEValues work together documentation module.
Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 75 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return the value of the ith
shape function at the point p
. p
is a point on the reference element. Because the current element has no degrees of freedom, this function should obviously not be called in practice. All this function really does, therefore, is trigger an exception.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 84 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Prepare internal data structures and fill in values independent of the cell. Returns a pointer to an object of which the caller of this function then has to assume ownership (which includes destruction when it is no more needed).
In the current case, this function just returns a default pointer, since no meaningful data exists for this element.
Implements FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 95 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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finaloverridevirtual |
Return whether this element dominates another one given as argument fe_other
, whether it is the other way around, whether neither dominates, or if either could dominate. The codim
parameter describes the codimension of the investigated subspace and specifies that it is subject to this comparison. For example, if codim==0
then this function compares which element dominates at the cell level. If codim==1
, then the elements are compared at faces, i.e., the comparison happens between the function spaces of the two finite elements as restricted to a face. Larger values of codim
work correspondingly.
For a definition of domination, see FiniteElementDomination::Domination and in particular the hp paper.
In the current case, this element is assumed to dominate if the second argument in the constructor dominate
is true. When this argument is false and fe_other
is also of type FE_Nothing(), either element can dominate. Otherwise there are no_requirements.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 209 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
If, on a vertex, several finite elements are active, the hp code first assigns the degrees of freedom of each of these FEs different global indices. It then calls this function to find out which of them should get identical values, and consequently can receive the same global DoF index. This function therefore returns a list of identities between DoFs of the present finite element object with the DoFs of fe_other
, which is a reference to a finite element object representing one of the other finite elements active on this particular vertex. The function computes which of the degrees of freedom of the two finite element objects are equivalent, both numbered between zero and the corresponding value of dofs_per_vertex of the two finite elements. The first index of each pair denotes one of the vertex dofs of the present element, whereas the second is the corresponding index of the other finite element.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 230 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Same as hp_vertex_dof_indices(), except that the function treats degrees of freedom on lines.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 243 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Same as hp_vertex_dof_indices(), except that the function treats degrees of freedom on quads.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 256 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return whether this element implements its hanging node constraints in the new way, which has to be used to make elements "hp compatible". That means, the element properly implements the get_face_interpolation_matrix and get_subface_interpolation_matrix methods. Therefore the return value also indicates whether a call to the get_face_interpolation_matrix() method and the get_subface_interpolation_matrix() method will generate an error or not.
Currently the main purpose of this function is to allow the make_hanging_node_constraints method to decide whether the new procedures, which are supposed to work in the hp framework can be used, or if the old well verified but not hp capable functions should be used. Once the transition to the new scheme for computing the interface constraints is complete, this function will be superfluous and will probably go away.
Derived classes should implement this function accordingly. The default assumption is that a finite element does not provide hp capable face interpolation, and the default implementation therefore returns false
.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 269 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return the matrix interpolating from the given finite element to the present one. Since the current finite element has no degrees of freedom, the interpolation matrix is necessarily empty.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 278 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return the matrix interpolating from a face of one element to the face of the neighboring element. The size of the matrix is then source.dofs_per_face
times this->dofs_per_face
.
Since the current finite element has no degrees of freedom, the interpolation matrix is necessarily empty.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 296 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Return the matrix interpolating from a face of one element to the subface of the neighboring element. The size of the matrix is then source.dofs_per_face
times this->dofs_per_face
.
Since the current finite element has no degrees of freedom, the interpolation matrix is necessarily empty.
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 313 of file fe_nothing.cc.
bool FE_Nothing< dim, spacedim >::is_dominating | ( | ) | const |
Definition at line 178 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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overridevirtual |
Comparison operator. In addition to the fields already checked by FiniteElement::operator==(), this operator also checks for equality of the arguments passed to the constructors of the current object as well as the object against which the comparison is done (which for this purpose obviously also needs to be of type FE_Nothing).
Reimplemented from FiniteElement< dim, spacedim >.
Definition at line 188 of file fe_nothing.cc.
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private |
If true, this element will dominate any other apart from itself in compare_for_domination(). This is because a space that only contains the zero function is definitely smaller (and consequently dominant) when compared to any other finite element space.
Definition at line 278 of file fe_nothing.h.