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Reference documentation for deal.II version 9.1.1
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Reference documentation for deal.II version 9.1.1
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#include <deal.II/numerics/data_out.h>
Public Types | |
| enum | CurvedCellRegion { no_curved_cells, curved_boundary, curved_inner_cells } |
| using | cell_iterator = typename DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension >::cell_iterator |
 Public Types inherited from DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > | |
| enum | DataVectorType |
| using | cell_iterator = typename Triangulation< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension >::cell_iterator |
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual void | build_patches (const unsigned int n_subdivisions=0) |
| virtual void | build_patches (const Mapping< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > &mapping, const unsigned int n_subdivisions=0, const CurvedCellRegion curved_region=curved_boundary) |
| virtual cell_iterator | first_cell () |
| virtual cell_iterator | next_cell (const cell_iterator &cell) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > | |
| DataOut_DoFData () | |
| virtual | ~DataOut_DoFData () override |
| void | attach_dof_handler (const DoFHandlerType &) |
| void | attach_triangulation (const Triangulation< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > &) |
| void | add_data_vector (const VectorType &data, const std::vector< std::string > &names, const DataVectorType type=type_automatic, const std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation > &data_component_interpretation=std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation >()) |
| void | add_data_vector (const VectorType &data, const std::string &name, const DataVectorType type=type_automatic, const std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation > &data_component_interpretation=std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation >()) |
| void | add_data_vector (const DoFHandlerType &dof_handler, const VectorType &data, const std::vector< std::string > &names, const std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation > &data_component_interpretation=std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation >()) |
| void | add_data_vector (const DoFHandlerType &dof_handler, const VectorType &data, const std::string &name, const std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation > &data_component_interpretation=std::vector< DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation >()) |
| void | add_data_vector (const VectorType &data, const DataPostprocessor< DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > &data_postprocessor) |
| void | add_data_vector (const DoFHandlerType &dof_handler, const VectorType &data, const DataPostprocessor< DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > &data_postprocessor) |
| void | clear_data_vectors () |
| void | clear_input_data_references () |
| void | merge_patches (const DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType2, patch_dim, patch_space_dim > &source, const Point< patch_space_dim > &shift=Point< patch_space_dim >()) |
| virtual void | clear () |
| std::size_t | memory_consumption () const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from DataOutInterface< patch_dim, patch_space_dim > | |
| DataOutInterface () | |
| virtual | ~DataOutInterface ()=default |
| void | write_dx (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_eps (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_gmv (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_gnuplot (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_povray (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_tecplot (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_tecplot_binary (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_ucd (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_vtk (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_vtu (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_vtu_in_parallel (const std::string &filename, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| void | write_pvtu_record (std::ostream &out, const std::vector< std::string > &piece_names) const |
| void | write_svg (std::ostream &out) const |
| void | write_deal_II_intermediate (std::ostream &out) const |
| XDMFEntry | create_xdmf_entry (const DataOutBase::DataOutFilter &data_filter, const std::string &h5_filename, const double cur_time, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| XDMFEntry | create_xdmf_entry (const DataOutBase::DataOutFilter &data_filter, const std::string &h5_mesh_filename, const std::string &h5_solution_filename, const double cur_time, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| void | write_xdmf_file (const std::vector< XDMFEntry > &entries, const std::string &filename, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| void | write_hdf5_parallel (const DataOutBase::DataOutFilter &data_filter, const std::string &filename, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| void | write_hdf5_parallel (const DataOutBase::DataOutFilter &data_filter, const bool write_mesh_file, const std::string &mesh_filename, const std::string &solution_filename, MPI_Comm comm) const |
| void | write_filtered_data (DataOutBase::DataOutFilter &filtered_data) const |
| void | write (std::ostream &out, const DataOutBase::OutputFormat output_format=DataOutBase::default_format) const |
| void | set_default_format (const DataOutBase::OutputFormat default_format) |
| void | set_flags (const FlagType &flags) |
| std::string | default_suffix (const DataOutBase::OutputFormat output_format=DataOutBase::default_format) const |
| void | parse_parameters (ParameterHandler &prm) |
| std::size_t | memory_consumption () const |
Private Member Functions | |
| virtual cell_iterator | first_locally_owned_cell () |
| virtual cell_iterator | next_locally_owned_cell (const cell_iterator &cell) |
| void | build_one_patch (const std::pair< cell_iterator, unsigned int > *cell_and_index, internal::DataOutImplementation::ParallelData< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > &scratch_data, const unsigned int n_subdivisions, const CurvedCellRegion curved_cell_region) |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from DataOutInterface< patch_dim, patch_space_dim > | |
| static void | declare_parameters (ParameterHandler &prm) |
| Protected Types inherited from DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > | |
| using | Patch = ::DataOutBase::Patch< patch_dim, patch_space_dim > |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > | |
| virtual const std::vector< Patch > & | get_patches () const override |
| virtual std::vector< std::string > | get_dataset_names () const override |
| std::vector< std::shared_ptr<::hp::FECollection< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > > > | get_fes () const |
| virtual std::vector< std::tuple< unsigned int, unsigned int, std::string, DataComponentInterpretation::DataComponentInterpretation > > | get_nonscalar_data_ranges () const override |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from DataOutInterface< patch_dim, patch_space_dim > | |
| virtual std::vector< std::tuple< unsigned int, unsigned int, std::string > > | get_vector_data_ranges () const |
| void | validate_dataset_names () const |
| Protected Attributes inherited from DataOut_DoFData< DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > | |
| SmartPointer< const Triangulation< DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension > > | triangulation |
| SmartPointer< const DoFHandlerType > | dofs |
| std::vector< std::shared_ptr< internal::DataOutImplementation::DataEntryBase< DoFHandlerType > > > | dof_data |
| std::vector< std::shared_ptr< internal::DataOutImplementation::DataEntryBase< DoFHandlerType > > > | cell_data |
| std::vector< Patch > | patches |
| Protected Attributes inherited from DataOutInterface< patch_dim, patch_space_dim > | |
| unsigned int | default_subdivisions |
This class is the main class to provide output of data described by finite element fields defined on a collection of cells.
This class is an actual implementation of the functionality proposed by the DataOut_DoFData class. It offers a function build_patches() that generates the data to be written in some graphics format. Most of the interface and an example of its use is described in the documentation of this base class.
The only thing this class offers is the function build_patches() which loops over all cells of the triangulation stored by the attach_dof_handler() function of the base class (with the exception of cells of parallel::distributed::Triangulation objects that are not owned by the current processor) and converts the data on these to actual patches which are the objects that are later output by the functions of the base classes. You can give a parameter to the function which determines how many subdivisions in each coordinate direction are to be performed, i.e. of how many subcells each patch shall consist. Default is one, but you may want to choose a higher number for higher order elements, for example two for quadratic elements, three for cubic elements three, and so on. The purpose of this parameter is because most graphics programs do not allow to specify higher order polynomial functions in the file formats: only data at vertices can be plotted and is then shown as a bilinear interpolation within the interior of cells. This may be insufficient if you have higher order finite elements, and the only way to achieve better output is to subdivide each cell of the mesh into several cells for graphical output. Of course, what you get to see is still a bilinear interpolation on each cell of the output (where these cells are not subdivisions of the cells of the triangulation in use) due to the same limitations in output formats, but at least a bilinear interpolation of a higher order polynomial on a finer mesh.
Note that after having called build_patches() once, you can call one or more of the write() functions of DataOutInterface. You can therefore output the same data in more than one format without having to rebuild the patches.
The base classes of this class, DataOutBase, DataOutInterface and DataOut_DoFData offer several interfaces of their own. Refer to the DataOutBase class's documentation for a discussion of the different output formats presently supported, DataOutInterface for ways of selecting which format to use upon output at run-time and without the need to adapt your program when new formats become available, as well as for flags to determine aspects of output. The DataOut_DoFData() class's documentation has an example of using nodal data to generate output.
By default, this class produces patches for all active cells. Sometimes, this is not what you want, maybe because they are simply too many (and too small to be seen individually) or because you only want to see a certain region of the domain (for example in parallel programs such as the step-18 example program), or for some other reason.
For this, internally build_patches() does not generate the sequence of cells to be converted into patches itself, but relies on the two functions first_cell() and next_cell(). By default, they return the first active cell, and the next active cell, respectively. Since they are virtual functions, you can write your own class derived from DataOut in which you overload these two functions to select other cells for output. This may, for example, include only cells that are in parts of a domain (e.g., if you don't care about the solution elsewhere, think for example a buffer region in which you attenuate outgoing waves in the Perfectly Matched Layer method) or if you don't want output to be generated at all levels of an adaptively refined mesh because this creates too much data (in this case, the set of cells returned by your implementations of first_cell() and next_cell() will include non-active cells, and DataOut::build_patches() will simply take interpolated values of the solution instead of the exact values on these cells children for output). Once you derive your own class, you would just create an object of this type instead of an object of type DataOut, and everything else will remain the same.
The two functions are not constant, so you may store information within your derived class about the last accessed cell. This is useful if the information of the last cell which was accessed is not sufficient to determine the next one.
There is one caveat, however: if you have cell data (in contrast to nodal, or dof, data) such as error indicators, then you must make sure that first_cell() and next_cell() only walk over active cells, since cell data cannot be interpolated to a coarser cell. If you do have cell data and use this pair of functions and they return a non-active cell, then an exception will be thrown.
dim equals the dimension of the DoFHandler type given as the second template argument, i.e., if dim == DoFHandlerType::dimension. This redundancy is a historical relic from the time where the library had only a single DoFHandler class and this class consequently only a single template argument.Definition at line 160 of file data_out.h.
| using DataOut< dim, DoFHandlerType >::cell_iterator = typename DataOut_DoFData<DoFHandlerType, DoFHandlerType::dimension, DoFHandlerType::space_dimension>::cell_iterator |
Typedef to the iterator type of the dof handler class under consideration.
Definition at line 172 of file data_out.h.
| enum DataOut::CurvedCellRegion |
Enumeration describing the part of the domain in which cells should be written with curved boundaries. In reality, no file format we are aware of really supports curved boundaries, but this can be emulated by plotting edges as a sequence of straight lines (and faces in 3d as a collection of bilinear patches) if DataOut::build_patches() is called with a number of subdivisions greater than 1.
The elements of this enumeration then describe for which cells DataOut::build_patches() will query the manifold or boundary description for curved geometries.
| Enumerator | |
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| no_curved_cells | The geometry or boundary description will never be queried for curved geometries. This means that even if you have more than one subdivision per cell (see DataOut::build_patches() for what exactly this means) and even if the geometry really is curved, each cell will still be subdivided as if it was just a bi- or trilinear cell. |
| curved_boundary | The geometry or boundary description will be queried for curved geometries for cells located at the boundary, i.e., for cells that have at least one face at the boundary. This is sufficient if you have not attached a manifold description to the interiors of cells but only to faces at the boundary. |
| curved_inner_cells | The geometry description will be queried for all cells and all faces, whether they are at the boundary or not. This option is appropriate if you have attached a manifold object to cells (not only to faces). |
Definition at line 191 of file data_out.h.
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This is the central function of this class since it builds the list of patches to be written by the low-level functions of the base class. A patch is, in essence, some intermediate representation of the data on each cell of a triangulation and DoFHandler object that can then be used to write files in some format that is readable by visualization programs.
You can find an overview of the use of this function in the general documentation of this class. An example is also provided in the documentation of this class's base class DataOut_DoFData.
| n_subdivisions | A parameter that determines how many "patches" this function will build out of every cell. If you do not specify this value in calling, or provide the default value zero, then this is interpreted as DataOutInterface::default_subdivisions which most of the time will be equal to one (unless you have set it to something else). The purpose of this parameter is to subdivide each cell of the mesh into \(2\times 2, 3\times 3, \ldots\) "patches" in 2d, and \(2\times 2\times 2, 3\times 3\times 3, \ldots\) (if passed the value 2, 3, etc) where each patch represents the data from a regular subdivision of the cell into equal parts. Most of the times, this is not necessary and outputting one patch per cell is exactly what you want to plot the solution. That said, the data we write into files for visualization can only represent (bi-, tri)linear data on each cell, and most visualization programs can in fact only visualize this kind of data. That's good enough if you work with (bi-, tri)linear finite elements, in which case what you get to see is exactly what has been computed. On the other hand, if you work with (bi-, tri)quadratic elements, then what is written into the output file is just a (bi-, tri)linear interpolation onto the current mesh, i.e., only the values at the vertices. If this is not good enough, you can, for example, specify n_subdivisions equal to 2 to plot the solution on a once- refined mesh, or if set to 3, on a mesh where each cell is represented by 3-by-3 patches. On each of these smaller patches, given the limitations of output formats, the data is still linearly interpolated, but a linear interpolation of quadratic data on a finer mesh is still a better representation of the actual quadratic surface than on the original mesh. In other words, using this parameter can not help you plot the solution exactly, but it can get you closer if you use finite elements of higher polynomial degree. |
n_subdivisions>1 is useful when using higher order finite elements, but in general it does not actually result in the visualization showing higher order polynomial surfaces – rather, you just get a (bi-, tri-)linear interpolation of that higher order surface on a finer mesh. However, when outputting the solution in the VTK and VTU file formats via DataOutInterface::write_vtk() or DataOutInterface::write_vtu() (where DataOutInterface is a base class of the current class) as we often do in the tutorials, you can provide a set of flags via the DataOutBase::VtkFlags structure that includes the DataOutBase::VtkFlags::write_higher_order_cells flag. When set, the subdivisions produced by this function will be interpreted as support point for a higher order polynomial that will then actually be visualized as such. On the other hand, this requires a sufficiently new version of one of the VTK-based visualization programs. Definition at line 423 of file data_out.cc.
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Same as above, except that the additional first parameter defines a mapping that is to be used in the generation of output. If n_subdivisions>1, the points interior of subdivided patches which originate from cells at the boundary of the domain can be computed using the mapping, i.e., a higher order mapping leads to a representation of a curved boundary by using more subdivisions. Some mappings like MappingQEulerian result in curved cells in the interior of the domain. The same is true if you have attached a manifold description to the cells of a triangulation (see Manifolds for more information). However, there is no easy way to query the mapping or manifold whether it really does lead to curved cells. Thus the last argument curved_region takes one of three values resulting in no curved cells at all, curved cells at the boundary (default) or curved cells in the whole domain. For more information about these three options, see the CurvedCellRegion enum's description.
Even for non-curved cells, the mapping argument can be used for Eulerian mappings (see class MappingQ1Eulerian) where a mapping is used not only to determine the position of points interior to a cell, but also of the vertices. It offers an opportunity to watch the solution on a deformed triangulation on which the computation was actually carried out, even if the mesh is internally stored in its undeformed configuration and the deformation is only tracked by an additional vector that holds the deformation of each vertex.
mapping argument should be replaced by a hp::MappingCollection in case of a hp::DoFHandler. Definition at line 435 of file data_out.cc.
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Return the first cell which we want output for. The default implementation returns the first active cell, but you might want to return other cells in a derived class.
Definition at line 610 of file data_out.cc.
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Return the next cell after cell which we want output for. If there are no more cells, dofs->end() shall be returned.
The default implementation returns the next active cell, but you might want to return other cells in a derived class. Note that the default implementation assumes that the given cell is active, which is guaranteed as long as first_cell() is also used from the default implementation. Overloading only one of the two functions might not be a good idea.
Definition at line 619 of file data_out.cc.
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Return the first cell produced by the first_cell()/next_cell() function pair that is locally owned. If this object operates on a non-distributed triangulation, the result equals what first_cell() returns.
Definition at line 635 of file data_out.cc.
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Return the next cell produced by the next_cell() function that is locally owned. If this object operates on a non-distributed triangulation, the result equals what first_cell() returns.
Definition at line 652 of file data_out.cc.
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Build one patch. This function is called in a WorkStream context.
The first argument here is the iterator, the second the scratch data object. All following are tied to particular values when calling WorkStream::run(). The function does not take a CopyData object but rather allocates one on its own stack for memory access efficiency reasons.
Definition at line 70 of file data_out.cc.
1.8.14