vectorization.h

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// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright (C) 2011 - 2020 by the deal.II authors
//
// This file is part of the deal.II library.
//
// The deal.II library is free software; you can use it, redistribute
// it, and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General
// Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
// The full text of the license can be found in the file LICENSE.md at
// the top level directory of deal.II.
//
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
#ifndef dealii_vectorization_h
#define dealii_vectorization_h
 
#include <deal.II/base/config.h>
 
#include <deal.II/base/exceptions.h>
#include <deal.II/base/template_constraints.h>
 
#include <array>
#include <cmath>
 
// Note:
// The flag DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS is essentially constructed
// according to the following scheme (on x86-based architectures)
// #ifdef __AVX512F__
// #define DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS 512
// #elif defined (__AVX__)
// #define DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS 256
// #elif defined (__SSE2__)
// #define DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS 128
// #else
// #define DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS 0
// #endif
// In addition to checking the flags __AVX512F__, __AVX__ and __SSE2__, a CMake
// test, 'check_01_cpu_features.cmake', ensures that these feature are not only
// present in the compilation unit but also working properly.
 
#if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS > 0
 
// These error messages try to detect the case that deal.II was compiled with
// a wider instruction set extension as the current compilation unit, for
// example because deal.II was compiled with AVX, but a user project does not
// add -march=native or similar flags, making it fall to SSE2. This leads to
// very strange errors as the size of data structures differs between the
// compiled deal.II code sitting in libdeal_II.so and the user code if not
// detected.
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 256 && !defined(__AVX__)
#    error \
      "Mismatch in vectorization capabilities: AVX was detected during configuration of deal.II and switched on, but it is apparently not available for the file you are trying to compile at the moment. Check compilation flags controlling the instruction set, such as -march=native."
#  endif
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 512 && !defined(__AVX512F__)
#    error \
      "Mismatch in vectorization capabilities: AVX-512F was detected during configuration of deal.II and switched on, but it is apparently not available for the file you are trying to compile at the moment. Check compilation flags controlling the instruction set, such as -march=native."
#  endif
 
#  if defined(_MSC_VER)
#    include <intrin.h>
#  elif defined(__ALTIVEC__)
#    include <altivec.h>
 
// altivec.h defines vector, pixel, bool, but we do not use them, so undefine
// them before they make trouble
#    undef vector
#    undef pixel
#    undef bool
#  else
#    include <x86intrin.h>
#  endif
 
#endif
 
 
DEAL_II_NAMESPACE_OPEN
 
 
// Enable the EnableIfScalar type trait for VectorizedArray<Number> such
// that it can be used as a Number type in Tensor<rank,dim,Number>, etc.
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
struct EnableIfScalar<VectorizedArray<Number, width>>
{
  using type = VectorizedArray<typename EnableIfScalar<Number>::type, width>;
};
 
 
 
template <typename T>
class VectorizedArrayIterator
{
public:
  VectorizedArrayIterator(T &data, const std::size_t lane)
    : data(&data)
    , lane(lane)
  {}
 
  bool
  operator==(const VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &other) const
  {
    Assert(this->data == other.data,
           ExcMessage(
             "You are trying to compare iterators into different arrays."));
    return this->lane == other.lane;
  }
 
  bool
  operator!=(const VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &other) const
  {
    Assert(this->data == other.data,
           ExcMessage(
             "You are trying to compare iterators into different arrays."));
    return this->lane != other.lane;
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &
  operator=(const VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &other) = default;
 
  const typename T::value_type &operator*() const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(lane, T::size());
    return (*data)[lane];
  }
 
 
  template <typename U = T>
  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<U, const U>::value,
                          typename T::value_type>::type &
  operator*()
  {
    AssertIndexRange(lane, T::size());
    return (*data)[lane];
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &
  operator++()
  {
    AssertIndexRange(lane + 1, T::size() + 1);
    lane++;
    return *this;
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &
  operator+=(const std::size_t offset)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(lane + offset, T::size() + 1);
    lane += offset;
    return *this;
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &
  operator--()
  {
    Assert(
      lane > 0,
      ExcMessage(
        "You can't decrement an iterator that is already at the beginning of the range."));
    --lane;
    return *this;
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T>
  operator+(const std::size_t &offset) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(lane + offset, T::size() + 1);
    return VectorizedArrayIterator<T>(*data, lane + offset);
  }
 
  std::ptrdiff_t
  operator-(const VectorizedArrayIterator<T> &other) const
  {
    return static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(lane) -
           static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(other.lane);
  }
 
private:
  T *data;
 
  std::size_t lane;
};
 
 
 
template <typename T, std::size_t width>
class VectorizedArrayBase
{
public:
  static constexpr std::size_t
  size()
  {
    return width;
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T>
  begin()
  {
    return VectorizedArrayIterator<T>(static_cast<T &>(*this), 0);
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<const T>
  begin() const
  {
    return VectorizedArrayIterator<const T>(static_cast<const T &>(*this), 0);
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<T>
  end()
  {
    return VectorizedArrayIterator<T>(static_cast<T &>(*this), width);
  }
 
  VectorizedArrayIterator<const T>
  end() const
  {
    return VectorizedArrayIterator<const T>(static_cast<const T &>(*this),
                                            width);
  }
};
 
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
class VectorizedArray
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<Number, width>, 1>
{
public:
  using value_type = Number;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 1;
 
  static_assert(width == 1,
                "You specified an illegal width that is not supported.");
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const Number scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const Number scalar)
  {
    data = scalar;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  Number &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    (void)comp;
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 1);
    return data;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const Number &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    (void)comp;
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 1);
    return data;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data += vec.data;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data -= vec.data;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data *= vec.data;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data /= vec.data;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const Number *ptr)
  {
    data = *ptr;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(Number *ptr) const
  {
    *ptr = data;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(Number *ptr) const
  {
    *ptr = data;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const Number *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    data = base_ptr[offsets[0]];
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, Number *base_ptr) const
  {
    base_ptr[offsets[0]] = data;
  }
 
  Number data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = std::sqrt(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = std::fabs(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = std::max(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = std::min(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
// We need to have a separate declaration for static const members
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
const unsigned int VectorizedArray<Number, width>::n_array_elements;
 
 
 
 
 
template <typename Number,
          std::size_t width =
            internal::VectorizedArrayWidthSpecifier<Number>::max_width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             make_vectorized_array(const Number &u)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> result = u;
  return result;
}
 
 
 
template <typename VectorizedArrayType>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArrayType
                             make_vectorized_array(const typename VectorizedArrayType::value_type &u)
{
  static_assert(
    std::is_same<VectorizedArrayType,
                 VectorizedArray<typename VectorizedArrayType::value_type,
                                 VectorizedArrayType::size()>>::value,
    "VectorizedArrayType is not a VectorizedArray.");
 
  VectorizedArrayType result = u;
  return result;
}
 
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
gather(VectorizedArray<Number, width> &   out,
       const std::array<Number *, width> &ptrs,
       const unsigned int                 offset)
{
  for (unsigned int v = 0; v < width; v++)
    out.data[v] = ptrs[v][offset];
}
 
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int              n_entries,
                              const Number *                  in,
                              const unsigned int *            offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<Number, width> *out)
{
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[offsets[v] + i];
}
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int                 n_entries,
                              const std::array<Number *, width> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<Number, width> *   out)
{
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[v][i];
}
 
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                            add_into,
                               const unsigned int                    n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<Number, width> *in,
                               const unsigned int *                  offsets,
                               Number *                              out)
{
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                            add_into,
                               const unsigned int                    n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<Number, width> *in,
                               std::array<Number *, width> &         out)
{
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
#ifndef DOXYGEN
 
// for safety, also check that __AVX512F__ is defined in case the user manually
// set some conflicting compile flags which prevent compilation
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 512 && defined(__AVX512F__)
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<double, 8>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<double, 8>, 8>
{
public:
  using value_type = double;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 8;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const double scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const double x)
  {
    data = _mm512_set1_pd(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  double &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 8);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const double &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 8);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    // if the compiler supports vector arithmetic, we can simply use +=
    // operator on the given data type. this allows the compiler to combine
    // additions with multiplication (fused multiply-add) if those
    // instructions are available. Otherwise, we need to use the built-in
    // intrinsic command for __m512d
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_add_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_sub_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_mul_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_div_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const double *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm512_loadu_pd(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(double *ptr) const
  {
    _mm512_storeu_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(double *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 64 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm512_stream_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const double *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 256 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m256 index_val =
      _mm256_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m256i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(&index_val);
    data                = _mm512_i32gather_pd(index, base_ptr, 8);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, double *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
      for (unsigned int j = i + 1; j < 8; ++j)
        Assert(offsets[i] != offsets[j],
               ExcMessage("Result of scatter undefined if two offset elements"
                          " point to the same position"));
 
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 256 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m256 index_val =
      _mm256_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m256i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(&index_val);
    _mm512_i32scatter_pd(base_ptr, index, data, 8);
  }
 
  __m512d data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_sqrt_pd(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform bitwise andnot with -0. This
    // will leave all value and exponent bits unchanged but force the sign
    // value to +. Since there is no andnot for AVX512, we interpret the data
    // as 64 bit integers and do the andnot on those types (note that andnot
    // is a bitwise operation so the data type does not matter)
    __m512d         mask = _mm512_set1_pd(-0.);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = reinterpret_cast<__m512d>(
      _mm512_andnot_epi64(reinterpret_cast<__m512i>(mask),
                          reinterpret_cast<__m512i>(data)));
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_max_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_min_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int          n_entries,
                              const double *              in,
                              const unsigned int *        offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 8> *out)
{
  // do not do full transpose because the code is long and will most
  // likely not pay off because many processors have two load units
  // (for the top 8 instructions) but only 1 permute unit (for the 8
  // shuffle/unpack instructions). rather start the transposition on the
  // vectorized array of half the size with 256 bits
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512d t0, t1, t2, t3 = {};
 
      t0 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[0] + 4 * i), 0);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t0, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[2] + 4 * i), 1);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[1] + 4 * i), 0);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t1, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[3] + 4 * i), 1);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[4] + 4 * i), 0);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t2, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[6] + 4 * i), 1);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[5] + 4 * i), 0);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in + offsets[7] + 4 * i), 1);
 
      __m512d v0          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t0, t2, 0x88);
      __m512d v1          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      __m512d v2          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t1, t3, 0x88);
      __m512d v3          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t1, t3, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(v0, v2);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(v0, v2);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(v1, v3);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(v1, v3);
    }
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    out[i].gather(in + i, offsets);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int             n_entries,
                              const std::array<double *, 8> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 8> *   out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512d t0, t1, t2, t3 = {};
 
      t0 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[0] + 4 * i), 0);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t0, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[2] + 4 * i), 1);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[1] + 4 * i), 0);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t1, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[3] + 4 * i), 1);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[4] + 4 * i), 0);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t2, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[6] + 4 * i), 1);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[5] + 4 * i), 0);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf64x4(t3, _mm256_loadu_pd(in[7] + 4 * i), 1);
 
      __m512d v0          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t0, t2, 0x88);
      __m512d v1          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      __m512d v2          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t1, t3, 0x88);
      __m512d v3          = _mm512_shuffle_f64x2(t1, t3, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(v0, v2);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(v0, v2);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(v1, v3);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(v1, v3);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    gather(out[i], in, i);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 8> *in,
                               const unsigned int *              offsets,
                               double *                          out)
{
  // as for the load, we split the store operations into 256 bit units to
  // better balance between code size, shuffle instructions, and stores
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  __m512i mask1 = _mm512_set_epi64(0xd, 0xc, 0x5, 0x4, 0x9, 0x8, 0x1, 0x0);
  __m512i mask2 = _mm512_set_epi64(0xf, 0xe, 0x7, 0x6, 0xb, 0xa, 0x3, 0x2);
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512d t0   = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(in[i * 4].data, in[i * 4 + 1].data);
      __m512d t1   = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(in[i * 4].data, in[i * 4 + 1].data);
      __m512d t2   = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(in[i * 4 + 2].data, in[i * 4 + 3].data);
      __m512d t3   = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(in[i * 4 + 2].data, in[i * 4 + 3].data);
      __m512d v0   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t0, mask1, t2);
      __m512d v1   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t0, mask2, t2);
      __m512d v2   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t1, mask1, t3);
      __m512d v3   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t1, mask2, t3);
      __m256d res0 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v0, 0);
      __m256d res4 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v0, 1);
      __m256d res1 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v2, 0);
      __m256d res5 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v2, 1);
      __m256d res2 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v1, 0);
      __m256d res6 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v1, 1);
      __m256d res3 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v3, 0);
      __m256d res7 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v3, 1);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing
      // between pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[0]), res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          res1 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[1]), res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          res2 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[2]), res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          res3 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[3]), res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          res4 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[4]), res4);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          res5 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[5]), res5);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          res6 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[6]), res6);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          res7 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[7]), res7);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 8> *in,
                               std::array<double *, 8> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  __m512i mask1 = _mm512_set_epi64(0xd, 0xc, 0x5, 0x4, 0x9, 0x8, 0x1, 0x0);
  __m512i mask2 = _mm512_set_epi64(0xf, 0xe, 0x7, 0x6, 0xb, 0xa, 0x3, 0x2);
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512d t0   = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(in[i * 4].data, in[i * 4 + 1].data);
      __m512d t1   = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(in[i * 4].data, in[i * 4 + 1].data);
      __m512d t2   = _mm512_unpacklo_pd(in[i * 4 + 2].data, in[i * 4 + 3].data);
      __m512d t3   = _mm512_unpackhi_pd(in[i * 4 + 2].data, in[i * 4 + 3].data);
      __m512d v0   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t0, mask1, t2);
      __m512d v1   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t0, mask2, t2);
      __m512d v2   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t1, mask1, t3);
      __m512d v3   = _mm512_permutex2var_pd(t1, mask2, t3);
      __m256d res0 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v0, 0);
      __m256d res4 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v0, 1);
      __m256d res1 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v2, 0);
      __m256d res5 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v2, 1);
      __m256d res2 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v1, 0);
      __m256d res6 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v1, 1);
      __m256d res3 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v3, 0);
      __m256d res7 = _mm512_extractf64x4_pd(v3, 1);
 
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[0] + 4 * i), res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          res1 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[1] + 4 * i), res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          res2 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[2] + 4 * i), res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          res3 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[3] + 4 * i), res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          res4 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[4] + 4 * i), res4);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          res5 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[5] + 4 * i), res5);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          res6 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[6] + 4 * i), res6);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          res7 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out[7] + 4 * i), res7);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
        }
    }
 
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<float, 16>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<float, 16>, 16>
{
public:
  using value_type = float;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 16;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const float scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const float x)
  {
    data = _mm512_set1_ps(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  float &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 16);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const float &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 16);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    // if the compiler supports vector arithmetic, we can simply use +=
    // operator on the given data type. this allows the compiler to combine
    // additions with multiplication (fused multiply-add) if those
    // instructions are available. Otherwise, we need to use the built-in
    // intrinsic command for __m512d
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_add_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_sub_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_mul_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm512_div_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const float *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm512_loadu_ps(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(float *ptr) const
  {
    _mm512_storeu_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(float *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 64 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm512_stream_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const float *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 512 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m512 index_val =
      _mm512_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m512i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m512i *>(&index_val);
    data                = _mm512_i32gather_ps(index, base_ptr, 4);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, float *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
      for (unsigned int j = i + 1; j < 16; ++j)
        Assert(offsets[i] != offsets[j],
               ExcMessage("Result of scatter undefined if two offset elements"
                          " point to the same position"));
 
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 512 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m512 index_val =
      _mm512_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m512i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m512i *>(&index_val);
    _mm512_i32scatter_ps(base_ptr, index, data, 4);
  }
 
  __m512 data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_sqrt_ps(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform bitwise andnot with -0. This
    // will leave all value and exponent bits unchanged but force the sign
    // value to +. Since there is no andnot for AVX512, we interpret the data
    // as 32 bit integers and do the andnot on those types (note that andnot
    // is a bitwise operation so the data type does not matter)
    __m512          mask = _mm512_set1_ps(-0.f);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = reinterpret_cast<__m512>(
      _mm512_andnot_epi32(reinterpret_cast<__m512i>(mask),
                          reinterpret_cast<__m512i>(data)));
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_max_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm512_min_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int          n_entries,
                              const float *               in,
                              const unsigned int *        offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 16> *out)
{
  // Similar to the double case, we perform the work on smaller entities. In
  // this case, we start from 128 bit arrays and insert them into a full 512
  // bit index. This reduces the code size and register pressure because we do
  // shuffles on 4 numbers rather than 16.
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
 
  // To avoid warnings about uninitialized variables, need to initialize one
  // variable to a pre-exisiting value in out, which will never get used in
  // the end. Keep the initialization outside the loop because of a bug in
  // gcc-9.1 which generates a "vmovapd" instruction instead of "vmovupd" in
  // case t3 is initialized to zero (inside/outside of loop), see
  // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=90991
  __m512 t0, t1, t2, t3;
  if (n_chunks > 0)
    t3 = out[0].data;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[0] + 4 * i), 0);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[4] + 4 * i), 1);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[8] + 4 * i), 2);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[12] + 4 * i), 3);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[1] + 4 * i), 0);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[5] + 4 * i), 1);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[9] + 4 * i), 2);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[13] + 4 * i), 3);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[2] + 4 * i), 0);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[6] + 4 * i), 1);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[10] + 4 * i), 2);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[14] + 4 * i), 3);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[3] + 4 * i), 0);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[7] + 4 * i), 1);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[11] + 4 * i), 2);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + offsets[15] + 4 * i), 3);
 
      __m512 v0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0x44);
      __m512 v1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0xee);
      __m512 v2 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0x44);
      __m512 v3 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0xee);
 
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    out[i].gather(in + i, offsets);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int             n_entries,
                              const std::array<float *, 16> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 16> *   out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_load_and_transpose above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
 
  __m512 t0, t1, t2, t3;
  if (n_chunks > 0)
    t3 = out[0].data;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[0] + 4 * i), 0);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in[4] + 4 * i), 1);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in[8] + 4 * i), 2);
      t0 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in[12] + 4 * i), 3);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[1] + 4 * i), 0);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in[5] + 4 * i), 1);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in[9] + 4 * i), 2);
      t1 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in[13] + 4 * i), 3);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[2] + 4 * i), 0);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in[6] + 4 * i), 1);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in[10] + 4 * i), 2);
      t2 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in[14] + 4 * i), 3);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[3] + 4 * i), 0);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[7] + 4 * i), 1);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[11] + 4 * i), 2);
      t3 = _mm512_insertf32x4(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[15] + 4 * i), 3);
 
      __m512 v0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0x44);
      __m512 v1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0xee);
      __m512 v2 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0x44);
      __m512 v3 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0xee);
 
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm512_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    gather(out[i], in, i);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 16> *in,
                               const unsigned int *              offsets,
                               float *                           out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512 t0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[4 * i].data, in[1 + 4 * i].data, 0x44);
      __m512 t1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[4 * i].data, in[1 + 4 * i].data, 0xee);
      __m512 t2 =
        _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[2 + 4 * i].data, in[3 + 4 * i].data, 0x44);
      __m512 t3 =
        _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[2 + 4 * i].data, in[3 + 4 * i].data, 0xee);
      __m512 u0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      __m512 u1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      __m512 u2 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      __m512 u3 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
 
      __m128 res0  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 0);
      __m128 res4  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 1);
      __m128 res8  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 2);
      __m128 res12 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 3);
      __m128 res1  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 0);
      __m128 res5  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 1);
      __m128 res9  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 2);
      __m128 res13 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 3);
      __m128 res2  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 0);
      __m128 res6  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 1);
      __m128 res10 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 2);
      __m128 res14 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 3);
      __m128 res3  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 0);
      __m128 res7  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 1);
      __m128 res11 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 2);
      __m128 res15 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 3);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing between
      // pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0]), res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          res1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1]), res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          res2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2]), res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          res3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3]), res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          res4 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4]), res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          res5 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5]), res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          res6 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6]), res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          res7 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7]), res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
          res8 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[8]), res8);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[8], res8);
          res9 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[9]), res9);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[9], res9);
          res10 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[10]), res10);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[10], res10);
          res11 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[11]), res11);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[11], res11);
          res12 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[12]), res12);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[12], res12);
          res13 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[13]), res13);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[13], res13);
          res14 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[14]), res14);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[14], res14);
          res15 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[15]), res15);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[15], res15);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[8], res8);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[9], res9);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[10], res10);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[11], res11);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[12], res12);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[13], res13);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[14], res14);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[15], res15);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 16; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 16; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 16> *in,
                               std::array<float *, 16> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m512 t0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[4 * i].data, in[1 + 4 * i].data, 0x44);
      __m512 t1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[4 * i].data, in[1 + 4 * i].data, 0xee);
      __m512 t2 =
        _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[2 + 4 * i].data, in[3 + 4 * i].data, 0x44);
      __m512 t3 =
        _mm512_shuffle_ps(in[2 + 4 * i].data, in[3 + 4 * i].data, 0xee);
      __m512 u0 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      __m512 u1 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      __m512 u2 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      __m512 u3 = _mm512_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
 
      __m128 res0  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 0);
      __m128 res4  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 1);
      __m128 res8  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 2);
      __m128 res12 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u0, 3);
      __m128 res1  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 0);
      __m128 res5  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 1);
      __m128 res9  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 2);
      __m128 res13 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u1, 3);
      __m128 res2  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 0);
      __m128 res6  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 1);
      __m128 res10 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 2);
      __m128 res14 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u2, 3);
      __m128 res3  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 0);
      __m128 res7  = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 1);
      __m128 res11 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 2);
      __m128 res15 = _mm512_extractf32x4_ps(u3, 3);
 
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i), res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          res1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i), res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          res2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i), res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          res3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i), res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          res4 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i), res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          res5 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i), res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          res6 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i), res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          res7 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i), res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
          res8 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[8] + 4 * i), res8);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[8] + 4 * i, res8);
          res9 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[9] + 4 * i), res9);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[9] + 4 * i, res9);
          res10 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[10] + 4 * i), res10);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[10] + 4 * i, res10);
          res11 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[11] + 4 * i), res11);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[11] + 4 * i, res11);
          res12 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[12] + 4 * i), res12);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[12] + 4 * i, res12);
          res13 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[13] + 4 * i), res13);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[13] + 4 * i, res13);
          res14 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[14] + 4 * i), res14);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[14] + 4 * i, res14);
          res15 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[15] + 4 * i), res15);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[15] + 4 * i, res15);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[8] + 4 * i, res8);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[9] + 4 * i, res9);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[10] + 4 * i, res10);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[11] + 4 * i, res11);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[12] + 4 * i, res12);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[13] + 4 * i, res13);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[14] + 4 * i, res14);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[15] + 4 * i, res15);
        }
    }
 
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 16; ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 16; ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
#  endif
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 256 && defined(__AVX__)
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<double, 4>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<double, 4>, 4>
{
public:
  using value_type = double;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 4;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const double scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const double x)
  {
    data = _mm256_set1_pd(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  double &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const double &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    // if the compiler supports vector arithmetic, we can simply use +=
    // operator on the given data type. this allows the compiler to combine
    // additions with multiplication (fused multiply-add) if those
    // instructions are available. Otherwise, we need to use the built-in
    // intrinsic command for __m256d
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_add_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_sub_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_mul_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_div_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const double *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm256_loadu_pd(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(double *ptr) const
  {
    _mm256_storeu_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(double *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 32 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm256_stream_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const double *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
#    ifdef __AVX2__
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 128 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m128 index_val =
      _mm_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m128i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(&index_val);
    data                = _mm256_i32gather_pd(base_ptr, index, 8);
#    else
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
#    endif
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, double *base_ptr) const
  {
    // no scatter operation in AVX/AVX2
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __m256d data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_sqrt_pd(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform bitwise andnot with -0. This
    // will leave all value and exponent bits unchanged but force the sign
    // value to +.
    __m256d         mask = _mm256_set1_pd(-0.);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_andnot_pd(mask, data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_max_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_min_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int          n_entries,
                              const double *              in,
                              const unsigned int *        offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 4> *out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  const double *     in0      = in + offsets[0];
  const double *     in1      = in + offsets[1];
  const double *     in2      = in + offsets[2];
  const double *     in3      = in + offsets[3];
 
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256d u0          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in0 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u1          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in1 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u2          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in2 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u3          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in3 + 4 * i);
      __m256d t0          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x20);
      __m256d t1          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x20);
      __m256d t2          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x31);
      __m256d t3          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x31);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t0, t1);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t0, t1);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t2, t3);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t2, t3);
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    out[i].gather(in + i, offsets);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int             n_entries,
                              const std::array<double *, 4> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 4> *   out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_load_and_transpose above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  const double *     in0      = in[0];
  const double *     in1      = in[1];
  const double *     in2      = in[2];
  const double *     in3      = in[3];
 
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256d u0          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in0 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u1          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in1 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u2          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in2 + 4 * i);
      __m256d u3          = _mm256_loadu_pd(in3 + 4 * i);
      __m256d t0          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x20);
      __m256d t1          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x20);
      __m256d t2          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x31);
      __m256d t3          = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x31);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t0, t1);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t0, t1);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t2, t3);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t2, t3);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    gather(out[i], in, i);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 4> *in,
                               const unsigned int *              offsets,
                               double *                          out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  double *           out0     = out + offsets[0];
  double *           out1     = out + offsets[1];
  double *           out2     = out + offsets[2];
  double *           out3     = out + offsets[3];
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256d u0   = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m256d u1   = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m256d u2   = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m256d u3   = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m256d t0   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x20);
      __m256d t1   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x20);
      __m256d t2   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x31);
      __m256d t3   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x31);
      __m256d res0 = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t0, t1);
      __m256d res1 = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t0, t1);
      __m256d res2 = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t2, t3);
      __m256d res3 = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t2, t3);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing between
      // pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out0 + 4 * i), res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out0 + 4 * i, res0);
          res1 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out1 + 4 * i), res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out1 + 4 * i, res1);
          res2 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out2 + 4 * i), res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out2 + 4 * i, res2);
          res3 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out3 + 4 * i), res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out3 + 4 * i, res3);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out0 + 4 * i, res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out1 + 4 * i, res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out2 + 4 * i, res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out3 + 4 * i, res3);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 4> *in,
                               std::array<double *, 4> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  double *           out0     = out[0];
  double *           out1     = out[1];
  double *           out2     = out[2];
  double *           out3     = out[3];
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256d u0   = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m256d u1   = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m256d u2   = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m256d u3   = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m256d t0   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x20);
      __m256d t1   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x20);
      __m256d t2   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u0, u2, 0x31);
      __m256d t3   = _mm256_permute2f128_pd(u1, u3, 0x31);
      __m256d res0 = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t0, t1);
      __m256d res1 = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t0, t1);
      __m256d res2 = _mm256_unpacklo_pd(t2, t3);
      __m256d res3 = _mm256_unpackhi_pd(t2, t3);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing between
      // pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out0 + 4 * i), res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out0 + 4 * i, res0);
          res1 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out1 + 4 * i), res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out1 + 4 * i, res1);
          res2 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out2 + 4 * i), res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out2 + 4 * i, res2);
          res3 = _mm256_add_pd(_mm256_loadu_pd(out3 + 4 * i), res3);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out3 + 4 * i, res3);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out0 + 4 * i, res0);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out1 + 4 * i, res1);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out2 + 4 * i, res2);
          _mm256_storeu_pd(out3 + 4 * i, res3);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<float, 8>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<float, 8>, 8>
{
public:
  using value_type = float;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 8;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const float scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const float x)
  {
    data = _mm256_set1_ps(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  float &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 8);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const float &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 8);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    // if the compiler supports vector arithmetic, we can simply use +=
    // operator on the given data type. this allows the compiler to combine
    // additions with multiplication (fused multiply-add) if those
    // instructions are available. Otherwise, we need to use the built-in
    // intrinsic command for __m256d
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_add_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_sub_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_mul_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm256_div_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const float *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm256_loadu_ps(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(float *ptr) const
  {
    _mm256_storeu_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(float *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 32 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm256_stream_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const float *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
#    ifdef __AVX2__
    // unfortunately, there does not appear to be a 256 bit integer load, so
    // do it by some reinterpret casts here. this is allowed because the Intel
    // API allows aliasing between different vector types.
    const __m256 index_val =
      _mm256_loadu_ps(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(offsets));
    const __m256i index = *reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(&index_val);
    data                = _mm256_i32gather_ps(base_ptr, index, 4);
#    else
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
#    endif
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, float *base_ptr) const
  {
    // no scatter operation in AVX/AVX2
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __m256 data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_sqrt_ps(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform bitwise andnot with -0. This
    // will leave all value and exponent bits unchanged but force the sign
    // value to +.
    __m256          mask = _mm256_set1_ps(-0.f);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_andnot_ps(mask, data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_max_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm256_min_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int         n_entries,
                              const float *              in,
                              const unsigned int *       offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 8> *out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      // To avoid warnings about uninitialized variables, need to initialize
      // one variable with zero before using it.
      __m256 t0, t1, t2, t3 = {};
      t0 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[0]), 0);
      t0 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[4]), 1);
      t1 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[1]), 0);
      t1 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[5]), 1);
      t2 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[2]), 0);
      t2 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[6]), 1);
      t3 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[3]), 0);
      t3 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[7]), 1);
 
      __m256 v0           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0x44);
      __m256 v1           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0xee);
      __m256 v2           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0x44);
      __m256 v3           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0xee);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    out[i].gather(in + i, offsets);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int            n_entries,
                              const std::array<float *, 8> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 8> *   out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_load_and_transpose above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256 t0, t1, t2, t3 = {};
      t0 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[0] + 4 * i), 0);
      t0 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t0, _mm_loadu_ps(in[4] + 4 * i), 1);
      t1 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[1] + 4 * i), 0);
      t1 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t1, _mm_loadu_ps(in[5] + 4 * i), 1);
      t2 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[2] + 4 * i), 0);
      t2 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t2, _mm_loadu_ps(in[6] + 4 * i), 1);
      t3 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[3] + 4 * i), 0);
      t3 = _mm256_insertf128_ps(t3, _mm_loadu_ps(in[7] + 4 * i), 1);
 
      __m256 v0           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0x44);
      __m256 v1           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t1, 0xee);
      __m256 v2           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0x44);
      __m256 v3           = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t2, t3, 0xee);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm256_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    gather(out[i], in, i);
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                       add_into,
                               const unsigned int               n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 8> *in,
                               const unsigned int *             offsets,
                               float *                          out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256 u0   = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m256 u1   = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m256 u2   = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m256 u3   = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m256 t0   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m256 t1   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m256 t2   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m256 t3   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      u0          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      u1          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      u2          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      u3          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
      __m128 res0 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u0, 0);
      __m128 res4 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u0, 1);
      __m128 res1 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u1, 0);
      __m128 res5 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u1, 1);
      __m128 res2 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u2, 0);
      __m128 res6 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u2, 1);
      __m128 res3 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u3, 0);
      __m128 res7 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u3, 1);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing between
      // pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0]), res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          res1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1]), res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          res2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2]), res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          res3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3]), res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          res4 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4]), res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          res5 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5]), res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          res6 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6]), res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          res7 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7]), res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[4], res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[5], res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[6], res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[7], res7);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                       add_into,
                               const unsigned int               n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 8> *in,
                               std::array<float *, 8> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m256 u0   = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m256 u1   = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m256 u2   = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m256 u3   = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m256 t0   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m256 t1   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m256 t2   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m256 t3   = _mm256_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      u0          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      u1          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      u2          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      u3          = _mm256_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
      __m128 res0 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u0, 0);
      __m128 res4 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u0, 1);
      __m128 res1 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u1, 0);
      __m128 res5 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u1, 1);
      __m128 res2 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u2, 0);
      __m128 res6 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u2, 1);
      __m128 res3 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u3, 0);
      __m128 res7 = _mm256_extractf128_ps(u3, 1);
 
      if (add_into)
        {
          res0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i), res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          res1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i), res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          res2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i), res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          res3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i), res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          res4 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i), res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          res5 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i), res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          res6 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i), res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          res7 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i), res7);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, res0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, res1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, res2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, res3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[4] + 4 * i, res4);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[5] + 4 * i, res5);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[6] + 4 * i, res6);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[7] + 4 * i, res7);
        }
    }
 
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 8; ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
#  endif
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 128 && defined(__SSE2__)
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<double, 2>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<double, 2>, 2>
{
public:
  using value_type = double;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 2;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const double scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const double x)
  {
    data = _mm_set1_pd(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  double &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 2);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const double &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 2);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_add_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_sub_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_mul_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_div_pd(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const double *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm_loadu_pd(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(double *ptr) const
  {
    _mm_storeu_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(double *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 16 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm_stream_pd(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const double *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, double *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __m128d data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_sqrt_pd(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform
    // bitwise andnot with -0. This will leave all
    // value and exponent bits unchanged but force
    // the sign value to +.
    __m128d         mask = _mm_set1_pd(-0.);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_andnot_pd(mask, data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_max_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_min_pd(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int          n_entries,
                              const double *              in,
                              const unsigned int *        offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 2> *out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 2;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128d u0          = _mm_loadu_pd(in + 2 * i + offsets[0]);
      __m128d u1          = _mm_loadu_pd(in + 2 * i + offsets[1]);
      out[2 * i + 0].data = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
      out[2 * i + 1].data = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 2
  for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[offsets[v] + i];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int             n_entries,
                              const std::array<double *, 2> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<double, 2> *   out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_load_and_transpose above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 2;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128d u0          = _mm_loadu_pd(in[0] + 2 * i);
      __m128d u1          = _mm_loadu_pd(in[1] + 2 * i);
      out[2 * i + 0].data = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
      out[2 * i + 1].data = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[v][i];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 2> *in,
                               const unsigned int *              offsets,
                               double *                          out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 2;
  if (add_into)
    {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
        {
          __m128d u0   = in[2 * i + 0].data;
          __m128d u1   = in[2 * i + 1].data;
          __m128d res0 = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
          __m128d res1 = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[0],
                        _mm_add_pd(_mm_loadu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[0]),
                                   res0));
          _mm_storeu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[1],
                        _mm_add_pd(_mm_loadu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[1]),
                                   res1));
        }
      // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 2
      for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
        for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
          out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
    }
  else
    {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
        {
          __m128d u0   = in[2 * i + 0].data;
          __m128d u1   = in[2 * i + 1].data;
          __m128d res0 = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
          __m128d res1 = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[0], res0);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out + 2 * i + offsets[1], res1);
        }
      // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 2
      for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
        for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
          out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
    }
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                        add_into,
                               const unsigned int                n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<double, 2> *in,
                               std::array<double *, 2> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 2;
  if (add_into)
    {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
        {
          __m128d u0   = in[2 * i + 0].data;
          __m128d u1   = in[2 * i + 1].data;
          __m128d res0 = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
          __m128d res1 = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out[0] + 2 * i,
                        _mm_add_pd(_mm_loadu_pd(out[0] + 2 * i), res0));
          _mm_storeu_pd(out[1] + 2 * i,
                        _mm_add_pd(_mm_loadu_pd(out[1] + 2 * i), res1));
        }
 
      for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
        for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
          out[v][i] += in[i][v];
    }
  else
    {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
        {
          __m128d u0   = in[2 * i + 0].data;
          __m128d u1   = in[2 * i + 1].data;
          __m128d res0 = _mm_unpacklo_pd(u0, u1);
          __m128d res1 = _mm_unpackhi_pd(u0, u1);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out[0] + 2 * i, res0);
          _mm_storeu_pd(out[1] + 2 * i, res1);
        }
 
      for (unsigned int i = 2 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
        for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
          out[v][i] = in[i][v];
    }
}
 
 
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<float, 4>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<float, 4>, 4>
{
public:
  using value_type = float;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 4;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const float scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const float x)
  {
    data = _mm_set1_ps(x);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  float &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const float &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data += vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_add_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data -= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_sub_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data *= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_mul_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
#    ifdef DEAL_II_COMPILER_USE_VECTOR_ARITHMETICS
    data /= vec.data;
#    else
    data = _mm_div_ps(data, vec.data);
#    endif
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const float *ptr)
  {
    data = _mm_loadu_ps(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(float *ptr) const
  {
    _mm_storeu_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(float *ptr) const
  {
    Assert(reinterpret_cast<std::size_t>(ptr) % 16 == 0,
           ExcMessage("Memory not aligned"));
    _mm_stream_ps(ptr, data);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const float *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, float *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __m128 data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_sqrt_ps(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    // to compute the absolute value, perform bitwise andnot with -0. This
    // will leave all value and exponent bits unchanged but force the sign
    // value to +.
    __m128          mask = _mm_set1_ps(-0.f);
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_andnot_ps(mask, data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_max_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = _mm_min_ps(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int         n_entries,
                              const float *              in,
                              const unsigned int *       offsets,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 4> *out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128 u0           = _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[0]);
      __m128 u1           = _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[1]);
      __m128 u2           = _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[2]);
      __m128 u3           = _mm_loadu_ps(in + 4 * i + offsets[3]);
      __m128 v0           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m128 v1           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m128 v2           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m128 v3           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[offsets[v] + i];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_load_and_transpose(const unsigned int            n_entries,
                              const std::array<float *, 4> &in,
                              VectorizedArray<float, 4> *   out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_load_and_transpose above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128 u0           = _mm_loadu_ps(in[0] + 4 * i);
      __m128 u1           = _mm_loadu_ps(in[1] + 4 * i);
      __m128 u2           = _mm_loadu_ps(in[2] + 4 * i);
      __m128 u3           = _mm_loadu_ps(in[3] + 4 * i);
      __m128 v0           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m128 v1           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m128 v2           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m128 v3           = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      out[4 * i + 0].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 1].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v0, v2, 0xdd);
      out[4 * i + 2].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0x88);
      out[4 * i + 3].data = _mm_shuffle_ps(v1, v3, 0xdd);
    }
 
  for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
    for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
      out[i][v] = in[v][i];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                       add_into,
                               const unsigned int               n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 4> *in,
                               const unsigned int *             offsets,
                               float *                          out)
{
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128 u0 = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m128 u1 = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m128 u2 = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m128 u3 = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m128 t0 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m128 t1 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m128 t2 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m128 t3 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      u0        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      u1        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      u2        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      u3        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
 
      // Cannot use the same store instructions in both paths of the 'if'
      // because the compiler cannot know that there is no aliasing between
      // pointers
      if (add_into)
        {
          u0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0]), u0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], u0);
          u1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1]), u1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], u1);
          u2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2]), u2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], u2);
          u3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3]), u3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], u3);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[0], u0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[1], u1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[2], u2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out + 4 * i + offsets[3], u3);
        }
    }
 
  // remainder loop of work that does not divide by 4
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[offsets[v] + i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
template <>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE void
vectorized_transpose_and_store(const bool                       add_into,
                               const unsigned int               n_entries,
                               const VectorizedArray<float, 4> *in,
                               std::array<float *, 4> &         out)
{
  // see the comments in the vectorized_transpose_and_store above
 
  const unsigned int n_chunks = n_entries / 4;
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_chunks; ++i)
    {
      __m128 u0 = in[4 * i + 0].data;
      __m128 u1 = in[4 * i + 1].data;
      __m128 u2 = in[4 * i + 2].data;
      __m128 u3 = in[4 * i + 3].data;
      __m128 t0 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0x44);
      __m128 t1 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u0, u1, 0xee);
      __m128 t2 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0x44);
      __m128 t3 = _mm_shuffle_ps(u2, u3, 0xee);
      u0        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0x88);
      u1        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t0, t2, 0xdd);
      u2        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0x88);
      u3        = _mm_shuffle_ps(t1, t3, 0xdd);
 
      if (add_into)
        {
          u0 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i), u0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, u0);
          u1 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i), u1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, u1);
          u2 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i), u2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, u2);
          u3 = _mm_add_ps(_mm_loadu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i), u3);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, u3);
        }
      else
        {
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[0] + 4 * i, u0);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[1] + 4 * i, u1);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[2] + 4 * i, u2);
          _mm_storeu_ps(out[3] + 4 * i, u3);
        }
    }
 
  if (add_into)
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[v][i] += in[i][v];
  else
    for (unsigned int i = 4 * n_chunks; i < n_entries; ++i)
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < 4; ++v)
        out[v][i] = in[i][v];
}
 
 
 
#  endif // if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS > 0 && defined(__SSE2__)
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 128 && defined(__ALTIVEC__) && \
    defined(__VSX__)
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<double, 2>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<double, 2>, 2>
{
public:
  using value_type = double;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 2;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const double scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const double x)
  {
    data = vec_splats(x);
 
    // Some compilers believe that vec_splats sets 'x', but that's not true.
    // They then warn about setting a variable and not using it. Suppress the
    // warning by "using" the variable:
    (void)x;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  double &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 2);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const double &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 2);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_add(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_sub(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_mul(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_div(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const double *ptr)
  {
    data = vec_vsx_ld(0, ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(double *ptr) const
  {
    vec_vsx_st(data, 0, ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(double *ptr) const
  {
    store(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const double *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<double *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, double *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const double *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __vector double data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_sqrt(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_abs(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_max(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_min(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
 
 
template <>
class VectorizedArray<float, 4>
  : public VectorizedArrayBase<VectorizedArray<float, 4>, 4>
{
public:
  using value_type = float;
 
  DEAL_II_DEPRECATED static const unsigned int n_array_elements = 4;
 
  VectorizedArray() = default;
 
  VectorizedArray(const float scalar)
  {
    this->operator=(scalar);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator=(const float x)
  {
    data = vec_splats(x);
 
    // Some compilers believe that vec_splats sets 'x', but that's not true.
    // They then warn about setting a variable and not using it. Suppress the
    // warning by "using" the variable:
    (void)x;
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  float &operator[](const unsigned int comp)
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  const float &operator[](const unsigned int comp) const
  {
    AssertIndexRange(comp, 4);
    return *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + comp);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator+=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_add(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator-=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_sub(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator*=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_mul(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray &
  operator/=(const VectorizedArray &vec)
  {
    data = vec_div(data, vec.data);
    return *this;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  load(const float *ptr)
  {
    data = vec_vsx_ld(0, ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  store(float *ptr) const
  {
    vec_vsx_st(data, 0, ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  streaming_store(float *ptr) const
  {
    store(ptr);
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  gather(const float *base_ptr, const unsigned int *offsets)
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      *(reinterpret_cast<float *>(&data) + i) = base_ptr[offsets[i]];
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  void
  scatter(const unsigned int *offsets, float *base_ptr) const
  {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
      base_ptr[offsets[i]] = *(reinterpret_cast<const float *>(&data) + i);
  }
 
  __vector float data;
 
private:
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_sqrt() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_sqrt(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_abs() const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_abs(data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_max(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_max(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE
  VectorizedArray
  get_min(const VectorizedArray &other) const
  {
    VectorizedArray res;
    res.data = vec_min(data, other.data);
    return res;
  }
 
  // Make a few functions friends.
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::sqrt(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::abs(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::max(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
  template <typename Number2, std::size_t width2>
  friend VectorizedArray<Number2, width2>
  std::min(const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &,
           const VectorizedArray<Number2, width2> &);
};
 
#  endif // if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_LEVEL >=1 && defined(__ALTIVEC__) &&
         // defined(__VSX__)
 
 
#endif // DOXYGEN
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE bool
operator==(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &lhs,
           const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &rhs)
{
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size(); ++i)
    if (lhs[i] != rhs[i])
      return false;
 
  return true;
}
 
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator+(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u,
          const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp += v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator-(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u,
          const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp -= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator*(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u,
          const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp *= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator/(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u,
          const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp /= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator+(const Number &u, const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp += v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator+(const double u, const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp += v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator+(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v, const Number &u)
{
  return u + v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator+(const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v, const double u)
{
  return u + v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator-(const Number &u, const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp -= v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator-(const double u, const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = static_cast<float>(u);
  return tmp -= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator-(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v, const Number &u)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return v - tmp;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator-(const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v, const double u)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = static_cast<float>(u);
  return v - tmp;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator*(const Number &u, const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp *= v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator*(const double u, const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = static_cast<float>(u);
  return tmp *= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator*(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v, const Number &u)
{
  return u * v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator*(const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v, const double u)
{
  return u * v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator/(const Number &u, const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return tmp /= v;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator/(const double u, const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = static_cast<float>(u);
  return tmp /= v;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator/(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &v, const Number &u)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, width> tmp = u;
  return v / tmp;
}
 
template <std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<float, width>
                             operator/(const VectorizedArray<float, width> &v, const double u)
{
  VectorizedArray<float, width> tmp = static_cast<float>(u);
  return v / tmp;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator+(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u)
{
  return u;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE VectorizedArray<Number, width>
                             operator-(const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &u)
{
  // to get a negative sign, subtract the input from zero (could also
  // multiply by -1, but this one is slightly simpler)
  return VectorizedArray<Number, width>() - u;
}
 
template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
inline std::ostream &
operator<<(std::ostream &out, const VectorizedArray<Number, width> &p)
{
  constexpr unsigned int n = VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
    out << p[i] << ' ';
  out << p[n - 1];
 
  return out;
}
 
 
 
 
enum class SIMDComparison : int
{
#if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 256 && defined(__AVX__)
  equal                 = _CMP_EQ_OQ,
  not_equal             = _CMP_NEQ_OQ,
  less_than             = _CMP_LT_OQ,
  less_than_or_equal    = _CMP_LE_OQ,
  greater_than          = _CMP_GT_OQ,
  greater_than_or_equal = _CMP_GE_OQ
#else
  equal,
  not_equal,
  less_than,
  less_than_or_equal,
  greater_than,
  greater_than_or_equal
#endif
};
 
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate, typename Number>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline Number
compare_and_apply_mask(const Number &left,
                       const Number &right,
                       const Number &true_value,
                       const Number &false_value)
{
  bool mask;
  switch (predicate)
    {
      case SIMDComparison::equal:
        mask = (left == right);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::not_equal:
        mask = (left != right);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than:
        mask = (left < right);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than_or_equal:
        mask = (left <= right);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than:
        mask = (left > right);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than_or_equal:
        mask = (left >= right);
        break;
    }
 
  return mask ? true_value : false_value;
}
 
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate, typename Number>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<Number, 1>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<Number, 1> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<Number, 1> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<Number, 1> &true_value,
                       const VectorizedArray<Number, 1> &false_value)
{
  VectorizedArray<Number, 1> result;
  result.data = compare_and_apply_mask<predicate, Number>(left.data,
                                                          right.data,
                                                          true_value.data,
                                                          false_value.data);
  return result;
}
 
 
#ifndef DOXYGEN
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 512 && defined(__AVX512F__)
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<float, 16>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<float, 16> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 16> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 16> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 16> &false_values)
{
  const __mmask16 mask =
    _mm512_cmp_ps_mask(left.data, right.data, static_cast<int>(predicate));
  VectorizedArray<float, 16> result;
  result.data = _mm512_mask_mov_ps(false_values.data, mask, true_values.data);
  return result;
}
 
 
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<double, 8>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<double, 8> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 8> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 8> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 8> &false_values)
{
  const __mmask16 mask =
    _mm512_cmp_pd_mask(left.data, right.data, static_cast<int>(predicate));
  VectorizedArray<double, 8> result;
  result.data = _mm512_mask_mov_pd(false_values.data, mask, true_values.data);
  return result;
}
 
#  endif
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 256 && defined(__AVX__)
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<float, 8>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<float, 8> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 8> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 8> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 8> &false_values)
{
  const auto mask =
    _mm256_cmp_ps(left.data, right.data, static_cast<int>(predicate));
 
  VectorizedArray<float, 8> result;
  result.data = _mm256_or_ps(_mm256_and_ps(mask, true_values.data),
                             _mm256_andnot_ps(mask, false_values.data));
  return result;
}
 
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<double, 4>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<double, 4> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 4> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 4> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 4> &false_values)
{
  const auto mask =
    _mm256_cmp_pd(left.data, right.data, static_cast<int>(predicate));
 
  VectorizedArray<double, 4> result;
  result.data = _mm256_or_pd(_mm256_and_pd(mask, true_values.data),
                             _mm256_andnot_pd(mask, false_values.data));
  return result;
}
 
#  endif
 
#  if DEAL_II_VECTORIZATION_WIDTH_IN_BITS >= 128 && defined(__SSE2__)
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<float, 4>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<float, 4> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 4> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 4> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<float, 4> &false_values)
{
  __m128 mask;
  switch (predicate)
    {
      case SIMDComparison::equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpeq_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::not_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpneq_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than:
        mask = _mm_cmplt_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than_or_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmple_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than:
        mask = _mm_cmpgt_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than_or_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpge_ps(left.data, right.data);
        break;
    }
 
  VectorizedArray<float, 4> result;
  result.data = _mm_or_ps(_mm_and_ps(mask, true_values.data),
                          _mm_andnot_ps(mask, false_values.data));
 
  return result;
}
 
 
template <SIMDComparison predicate>
DEAL_II_ALWAYS_INLINE inline VectorizedArray<double, 2>
compare_and_apply_mask(const VectorizedArray<double, 2> &left,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 2> &right,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 2> &true_values,
                       const VectorizedArray<double, 2> &false_values)
{
  __m128d mask;
  switch (predicate)
    {
      case SIMDComparison::equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpeq_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::not_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpneq_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than:
        mask = _mm_cmplt_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::less_than_or_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmple_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than:
        mask = _mm_cmpgt_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
      case SIMDComparison::greater_than_or_equal:
        mask = _mm_cmpge_pd(left.data, right.data);
        break;
    }
 
  VectorizedArray<double, 2> result;
  result.data = _mm_or_pd(_mm_and_pd(mask, true_values.data),
                          _mm_andnot_pd(mask, false_values.data));
 
  return result;
}
 
#  endif
#endif // DOXYGEN
 
 
DEAL_II_NAMESPACE_CLOSE
 
namespace std
{
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  sin(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    // put values in an array and later read in that array with an unaligned
    // read. This should save some instructions as compared to directly
    // setting the individual elements and also circumvents a compiler
    // optimization bug in gcc-4.6 with SSE2 (see also deal.II developers list
    // from April 2014, topic "matrix_free/step-48 Test").
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::sin(x[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  cos(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::cos(x[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  tan(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::tan(x[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  exp(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::exp(x[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  log(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::log(x[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  sqrt(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    return x.get_sqrt();
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  pow(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x, const Number p)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::pow(x[i], p);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  pow(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x,
      const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &p)
  {
    Number values[::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size()];
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>::size();
         ++i)
      values[i] = std::pow(x[i], p[i]);
    ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> out;
    out.load(&values[0]);
    return out;
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  abs(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x)
  {
    return x.get_abs();
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  max(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x,
      const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &y)
  {
    return x.get_max(y);
  }
 
 
 
  template <typename Number, std::size_t width>
  inline ::VectorizedArray<Number, width>
  min(const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &x,
      const ::VectorizedArray<Number, width> &y)
  {
    return x.get_min(y);
  }
 
 
 
  template <class T>
  struct iterator_traits<::VectorizedArrayIterator<T>>
  {
    using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
    using value_type        = typename T::value_type;
    using difference_type   = std::ptrdiff_t;
  };
 
} // namespace std
 
#endif